Add early return logging to timequeries

[wdberkeley]

There's a test flake where timequeries against cloud storage sometimes return nothing incorrectly. This extra logging will help pinpoint how this is happening.

Ideally, we can remove or pare down the logging once the issue is resolved.

Backports Required

• none - not a bug fix
• none - this is a backport
• none - issue does not exist in previous branches
• none - papercut/not impactful enough to backport
• v25.3.x
• v25.2.x
• v25.1.x
• v24.3.x

Release Notes

• none

[Copilot]

Pull Request Overview

This PR adds debug logging to the timequery function to help diagnose a test flake where timequeries against cloud storage occasionally return incorrect empty results. The logging captures key state information at function entry and at early return points where nullopt is returned.

Key Changes:

• Added entry-point logging to capture timequery configuration and partition state
• Added logging at two early return points where the function returns nullopt due to offset range violations

[andrwng]

Hmmm mind squashing these? not sure if we have a policy for this, but it seems undesirable to leave them in (e.g. they'll be in git history which is kind of distracting when code spelunking)

[andrwng]

Ideally, we can remove or pare down the logging once the issue is resolved.

If you're thinking we don't want these long term, you can try running ci-repeat commands on this PR to repeat the specific test that runs into the issue. Then we can get to the bottom of it without merging these lines to dev

[vbotbuildovich]

CI test results

test results on build#76078

test_class	test_method	test_arguments	test_kind	job_url	test_status	passed	reason	test_history
WriteCachingFailureInjectionE2ETest	test_crash_all	{"use_transactions": false}	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/76078#019a7580-14ab-42a6-9ccb-0537a027d9b4	FLAKY	15/21	upstream reliability is '91.20234604105572'. current run reliability is '71.42857142857143'. drift is 19.77377 and the allowed drift is set to 50. The test should PASS	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=WriteCachingFailureInjectionE2ETest&test_method=test_crash_all

test results on build#76167

test_class	test_method	test_arguments	test_kind	job_url	test_status	passed	reason	test_history
TieredStorageTest	test_tiered_storage	{"cloud_storage_type_and_url_style": [2, "virtual_host"], "test_case": {"name": "(TS_Read == True, TS_Timequery == True)"}}	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/76167#019a7a27-7807-48f4-8ab6-df98152109c4	FLAKY	29/30	upstream reliability is '99.36440677966102'. current run reliability is '95.23809523809523'. drift is 4.12631 and the allowed drift is set to 50. The test should PASS	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=TieredStorageTest&test_method=test_tiered_storage
TieredStorageTest	test_tiered_storage	{"cloud_storage_type_and_url_style": [2, "virtual_host"], "test_case": {"name": "(TS_Read == True, TS_Timequery == True)"}}	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/76167#019a7a27-7808-4455-8888-a02abb6f0f34	FLAKY	29/30	upstream reliability is '99.36440677966102'. current run reliability is '95.23809523809523'. drift is 4.12631 and the allowed drift is set to 50. The test should PASS	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=TieredStorageTest&test_method=test_tiered_storage
TieredStorageTest	test_tiered_storage	{"cloud_storage_type_and_url_style": [1, "path"], "test_case": {"name": "(TS_Read == True, TS_Timequery == True)"}}	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/76167#019a7a27-7808-4455-8888-a02abb6f0f34	FLAKY	29/30	upstream reliability is '99.57627118644068'. current run reliability is '95.23809523809523'. drift is 4.33818 and the allowed drift is set to 50. The test should PASS	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=TieredStorageTest&test_method=test_tiered_storage

test results on build#76235

test_class	test_method	test_arguments	test_kind	job_url	test_status	passed	reason	test_history
TieredStorageTest	test_tiered_storage	{"cloud_storage_type_and_url_style": [1, "virtual_host"], "test_case": {"name": "(TS_Read == True, TS_Timequery == True, SpilloverManifestUploaded == True)"}}	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/76235#019a7e88-d229-4435-ac62-870ac5566e5d	FLAKY	28/30	upstream reliability is '100.0'. current run reliability is '90.47619047619048'. drift is 9.52381 and the allowed drift is set to 50. The test should PASS	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=TieredStorageTest&test_method=test_tiered_storage
TieredStorageTest	test_tiered_storage	{"cloud_storage_type_and_url_style": [1, "virtual_host"], "test_case": {"name": "(TS_Read == True, TS_Timequery == True, SpilloverManifestUploaded == True)"}}	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/76235#019a7e88-d229-4fe7-818c-b40ad4a14564	FLAKY	29/30	upstream reliability is '100.0'. current run reliability is '95.23809523809523'. drift is 4.7619 and the allowed drift is set to 50. The test should PASS	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=TieredStorageTest&test_method=test_tiered_storage

[wdberkeley]

Force push to squash. Forgot to rebase and it pulled in a bunch of old commits. If you're here because you got a random review request please ignore, sorry.

[wdberkeley]

/ci-repeat 10
debug
skip-units
dt-repeat=10
tests/rptest/tests/tiered_storage.py::TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage

[wdberkeley]

/ci-repeat 5
debug
skip-units
dt-repeat=10
tests/rptest/tests/tiered_storage_model_test.py::TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage

[wdberkeley]

/ci-repeat 5
debug
skip-units
dt-repeat=10
tests/rptest/tests/tiered_storage_model_test.py::TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage

[wdberkeley]

/ci-repeat 10
debug
skip-units
dt-repeat=20
tests/rptest/tests/tiered_storage_model_test.py::TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage

[wdberkeley]

Never got this logging to pay off but I was able to figure out the source of the bug. See #28642