Upgrade to polkadot-sdk stable2412

[ahmadkaouk]

This PR update polkadot-sdk from stable2409 to stable2412.

Changelog:

• FRAME: Reintroduce TransactionExtension as a replacement for SignedExtension paritytech/polkadot-sdk#3685
  • Replace SendTransactionTypes with CreateTransactionBase
  • Implement CreateInherent for Runtime
  • ReplaceUncheckedExtrinsic::new_unsigned with UncheckedExtrinsic::new_bare
  • Add ExtensionsWeightInfo type to frame_system::Config
• fork-aware transaction pool added paritytech/polkadot-sdk#4639
  • Replace FullPool with TransactionPoolHandle
• Remove sp_runtime::RuntimeString and replace with Cow<'static, str> or String depending on use case paritytech/polkadot-sdk#5693
  • Use String instead of deprecated RuntimeString in the runtime
• Update RuntimeVerison type and use system_version to derive extrinsics root StateVersion instead of V0 paritytech/polkadot-sdk#4257
  • Replace deprecated state_version with system_version

Good to know

• Snowbridge
  • Snowbridge free consensus updates paritytech/polkadot-sdk#5201
  • Snowbridge - Ethereum Electra Upgrade Support paritytech/polkadot-sdk#7075

[ffarall]

There seems to be a problem in the build of the node in the CI. But building locally works, and from the look of the logs, it seems like it's something related to the caching we're doing in the CI.

Also, please if you can highlight in the description of the PR the changes that you think are most relevant to us in this new stable release, much appreciated!

[gonzamontiel]

I see some unimplemented configs but I assume we don't really need them (one for handling slashes in pallet_balances and the other one in pallet_sudo).
For me, compiling and running rust tests works fine locally, LGTM