improving Carbon Manangement Modeling by toniseibold · Pull Request #2161 · PyPSA/pypsa-eur

toniseibold · 2026-05-07T07:35:41Z

Changes

Added config to include the investment and electricity demand for compressor stations for the transport of CO2 in pipelines in dense phase
Moved costs for sequestration from the storage sites capital_cost to the sequestration link marginal_cost to avoid problems when optimizing the network again (since investment decisions are then forced into the system)
Added electricity demand for the post combustion carbon capture in multiple links
adjusting the capital costs for post combustion capture depending on the flue gas concentration of carbon dioxide

A few comments
Carbon capture from industrial sources come from multiple sources:

gas for industry: dominated by HVC, cement, aluminium
process emissions CC: dominated by steel, cement, aluminium
solid biomass for industry CC: paper, pulp, cement, food, beverages, tobacco, wood, textile
Flue gas in Europe needs to meet air pollution standards. Additional investment for filters are negligible.

waiting for PyPSA/technology-data#273 to be approved since assumptions for liquefaction were currently based on shipping of CO2.

Flue Gas Properties

From the DEA technology data Table 8 and Figure 12

Flue gas source	CO₂ concentration range (vol-%)	relative CAPEX/t_CO2
Gas turbine	2–4	100 %
Waste-fired power plant	9–14	60 %
Biomass-fired power plant	13–17	55 %
Cement plant	20–30	50 %

0.1 - 0.5 kg/tCO2 caustic soda consumption depending on flue gas quality (SO2, HCl) which is negligible compared to other VOM (400 - 600EUR/t_NaOH)

Checklist

Required:

Changes are tested locally and behave as expected.
Code and workflow changes are documented.
A release note entry is added to doc/release_notes.rst.

If applicable:

Changes in configuration options are reflected in scripts/lib/validation.
For new data sources or versions, these instructions have been followed.
New rules are documented in the appropriate doc/*.rst files. not_applicable

- `pixi run generate-config`

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Pull request overview

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This PR extends the sector network CO₂ modeling by optionally adding a dense-phase (liquefaction/compression) step prior to CO₂ transport, moving sequestration costing to marginal costs, and adding electricity demand terms to several carbon capture links.

Changes:

Add co2_network_liquefaction option to model CO₂ compression/liquefaction buses and links and to route CO₂ pipelines on dense-phase buses.
Move sequestration cost from store capital_cost to sequestration link marginal_cost.
Add electricity-demand penalties for (post-combustion) CC in multiple conversion links and add plotting colors for new CO₂ carriers.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 6 out of 6 changed files in this pull request and generated 9 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
scripts/prepare_sector_network.py	Adds dense-phase CO₂ buses/links, adjusts sequestration costing, updates several CC links to include electricity demand, and threads new option through network construction.
scripts/lib/validation/config/sector.py	Adds validation schema field `co2_network_liquefaction`.
config/schema.default.json	Exposes `co2_network_liquefaction` in generated JSON schema.
config/config.default.yaml	Adds default value for `co2_network_liquefaction`.
config/plotting.default.yaml	Adds plotting colors for new CO₂ carriers.
doc/release_notes.rst	Adds release note entry describing the new option and CC electricity demand update.

Comments suppressed due to low confidence (2)

scripts/prepare_sector_network.py:1

The link’s efficiency is changed to efficiency_cc, but cost scaling remains tied to costs.at["CCGT", "efficiency"]. Given the established convention elsewhere in this file (scaling per-MWel costs by the link efficiency), this produces inconsistent economics (net efficiency changes but capex/VOM scaling doesn’t). Align the cost scaling with the effective efficiency being modeled, or alternatively keep the original generation efficiency and model CC electricity demand via an additional electricity bus/output (similar to how other multi-bus links account for auxiliary electricity).

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Contributors to PyPSA-Eur <https://github.com/pypsa/pypsa-eur>

scripts/prepare_sector_network.py:1

When options["biomass_spatial"] is false, bus4 is set to "" but efficiency4 is set to 1.0, which then becomes efficiency4=-1.0. If PyPSA interprets bus4="" as “no 4th terminal”, the corresponding efficiency should be 0.0 to avoid an unintended (or invalid) extra balance term. Set efficiency4=0.0 in the non-spatial branch (and apply the same pattern anywhere else a busX is disabled via an empty string).

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Contributors to PyPSA-Eur <https://github.com/pypsa/pypsa-eur>

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… gas concentration of carbon dioxide

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bobbyxng · 2026-05-11T10:11:10Z

+        n.add(
+            "Link",
+            spatial.co2.nodes,
+            suffix=" expansion",
+            bus0=spatial.co2.dense,
+            bus1=spatial.co2.nodes,
+            efficiency=1.0,
+            p_nom=1e7,
+            carrier="co2 expansion",
+            unit="t_co2",
+        )


This introduces degeneracy/potential zero cost loops. Do you have marginal_cost and capital_cost available? Also propose to set p_nom_extendable to True and remove the arbitrary high p_nom --> let the model decide.

Set p_nom=np.inf and p_nom_extendable=False. Small marginal cost could be added, but don't really need to.

bobbyxng

Looks good to me (apart from minor remarks, see dedicated comments)
One aspect I do not have an answer to yet is how we treat, e.g. how the new co2 dense carrier is shown in balance maps. co2 compression is basically equivalent with CO2 being transported through pipelines and eventually stored. Right now you would need two bus carriers to plot the whole picture:

and

toniseibold · 2026-05-12T07:40:23Z

Stream lining efficiency and capital_cost:
Changes for MeOH CCGT CC: efficiency before 60% efficiency after 57.7%
Changes for MeOH reforming CC: electricity demand 0.075 MWh/t_CO2
Changes Coal CC: efficiency before 35.6% efficiency after 32.4%
capital_costs consist of two components (coal power plant + carbon capture unit depending on coal carbon intensity)
biomass for industry CC: electricity demand 0.0341 MWh/t_co2
gas for industry CC: electricity demand 0.018414 MWh/t_co2
process emissions CC: electricity demand 0.093 MWh/t_co2

sanity checks
total system costs: + 2.29 bnEUR/yr
electricity supply: + 68.8 TWh/yr of which 33.1 TWh for co2 compression (269.3853 Mt compressed into dense phase at 0.123 MWh/Mt electricity consumption)

… stored maps.

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bobbyxng · 2026-05-12T11:03:18Z

Thanks @toniseibold for the updates
I made a proposal to update the two plot_balance_map* scripts to include the balances from the new co2 dense bus carrier, if it is enabled.

fneum

Excellent! Couple of questions below. Main comments:

Inconsistent electricity consumption depending on carrier's spatial resolution -> Give all affected links electricity node resolution.
What fraction of change in system cost and electricity consumption is caused by dense-phase compression feature and what fraction by CC CAPEX? That would be good to understand.
Sources for CC capital cost scaling.

fneum · 2026-05-15T12:37:51Z

+            "waste": 1.7,
+            "cement": 1.0,
+        },
+        description="Size of the carbon capture unit depending on the amount of carbon dioxide in the flue gas. The more CO2, the smaller the capture unit and thus the lower the capital cost factor. The default values are based on the DEA technology-data report.",


Can you be more specific about the source of the default values (like you did in PR description, i.e. which figure/table/link)?

Perhaps also state explicitly that factor is relative to post-combustion capture in cement kiln.

fneum · 2026-05-15T12:45:01Z

+            "gas": 2.0,
+            "biomass": 1.8,
+            "coal": 1.8,
+            "waste": 1.7,
+            "cement": 1.0,


How did you get to these values?

Is it Table 8 / Figure 12 in https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-carbon-capture-transport-and-storage?

But here it looks like biomass and waste are largely above 10% concentration with maybe 20% higher CAPEX than cement. Should't it be factors 1.15-1.2, then?

Where did you take the information for coal from?

fneum · 2026-05-15T12:45:43Z

 corine,v18_5,archive,latest supported,2026-01-13,,https://data.pypsa.org/workflows/eur/corine/v18_5/corine.zip
 corine,unknown,primary,latest supported,2025-12-02,Need to register with CLMS API and create an access token. The download URL is dynamic,
-costs,v0.14.0,primary,latest supported,2026-02-13,Part of the `technologydata` repository and versioned on GitHub.,https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PyPSA/technology-data/refs/tags/v0.14.0/outputs
+costs,co2_management,primary,latest supported,2026-05-12,Part of the `technologydata` repository and versioned on GitHub.,https://github.com/PyPSA/technology-data/tree/co2_management/outputs


To be adjusted before merge following a technology-data release.

fneum · 2026-05-15T12:52:03Z

+            carrier="co2 sequestered",
+            marginal_cost=options["co2_sequestration_cost"],
+            efficiency=1.0,
+            p_nom_extendable=True,


Set p_nom=np.inf (which is now possible) and p_nom_extendable=False. There should be no extendable components with zero capital cost.

fneum · 2026-05-15T12:56:33Z

+        n.add(
+            "Link",
+            spatial.co2.nodes,
+            suffix=" expansion",
+            bus0=spatial.co2.dense,
+            bus1=spatial.co2.nodes,
+            efficiency=1.0,
+            p_nom=1e7,
+            carrier="co2 expansion",
+            unit="t_co2",
+        )


Set p_nom=np.inf and p_nom_extendable=False. Small marginal cost could be added, but don't really need to.

fneum · 2026-05-15T12:57:13Z

+            capital_cost=costs.at["CO2 dense phase compression", "capital_cost"],
+            efficiency=1.0,
+            efficiency2=-costs.at["CO2 dense phase compression", "electricity-input"],
+            p_nom=0,


Suggested change

p_nom=0,

fneum · 2026-05-15T13:04:16Z

            marginal_cost=costs.at["CCGT", "VOM"]
-            * costs.at["CCGT", "efficiency"],  # NB: VOM is per MWel
-            efficiency=costs.at["CCGT", "efficiency"],
+            * efficiency_cc,  # NB: VOM is per MWel


For conversion of VOM, I would still use costs.at["CCGT", "efficiency"]. Otherwise, high electricity consumption of CC would reduce effective VOM.

fneum · 2026-05-15T13:10:50Z

+    else:
+        bus4 = ""
+        efficiency4 = 1.0


This neglects electricity demand if biomass is not spatially resolved. I think that would be confusing to users. I would say, let the link inherit the resolution of the highest-resolved bus - in this case bus4 with spatial.nodes. I think that would be worth the extra number of links. What do you think?

(Same for other instances below).

toniseibold and others added 4 commits May 7, 2026 09:25

improving carbon manangement modeling

e79d9a3

include co2_network_liquefaction in default config

a3a770a

documentation

019db10

[pypsa-bot] run generate-config

6a16ff8

- `pixi run generate-config`

toniseibold requested a review from bobbyxng May 7, 2026 07:38

Merge branch 'master' into carbon_capture

14ba6e7

toniseibold marked this pull request as ready for review May 7, 2026 07:47

Copilot AI review requested due to automatic review settings May 7, 2026 07:47

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toniseibold and others added 6 commits May 7, 2026 11:46

bug fixing

9664f71

adjusting capital costs for post combustion capture depending on flue…

11628b8

… gas concentration of carbon dioxide

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Fix unit

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bug fix

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bug fix

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bobbyxng reviewed May 11, 2026

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Comment thread scripts/prepare_sector_network.py

bobbyxng reviewed May 11, 2026

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Comment thread scripts/prepare_sector_network.py

bobbyxng reviewed May 11, 2026

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cleaning up and minor fixes

2bfaa20

bobbyxng and others added 2 commits May 12, 2026 12:57

Updated plot_balance_map* scripts to include co2 dense carrier in co2…

df9e105

… stored maps.

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toniseibold added 2 commits May 12, 2026 13:43

change technology data name in line with technology-data PR

a14b458

making technology-data pr prequisite for this pr

103366c

fneum requested changes May 15, 2026

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Flue Gas Properties

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toniseibold commented May 7, 2026 •

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