diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/cka-prep/content/networking/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/cka-prep/content/networking/_index.md index 0ef200dd2..1a10fb339 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/cka-prep/content/networking/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/cka-prep/content/networking/_index.md @@ -31,19 +31,19 @@ There are different types of communication within a cluster: - LoadBalancer Service - Ingress Controller -### **Container to Container Communication** +### Container to Container Communication When a Pod is created, it has its own network namespace which is set up by a **pause container**. This container is special as it does not run any workload and is not visible from the kubectl commands. The other containers of this Pod are all attached to the pause container's network namespace and are thus communicating through `localhost`. ![container-to-container](container-to-container.png) -### **Pod to Pod on the Same Node** +### Pod to Pod on the Same Node Each Pod has its own network namespace and they communicate via a virtual Ethernet (veth) pair connected to a bridge on the host. This setup allows Pod-to-Pod traffic to be switched locally without leaving the Node. ![pod-to-pod-same-node](pod-to-pod-same-node.png) -### **Pod to Pod Across Different Nodes** +### Pod to Pod Across Different Nodes The network plugin ensures that each Pod's IP is routable across the cluster, using encapsulation, overlays, or native routing. Packets travel across the network infrastructure between Nodes before reaching the destination Pod's virtual interface. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-kubernetes/why-kubernetes/content/without-container/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-kubernetes/why-kubernetes/content/without-container/_index.md index 512933172..632be680c 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-kubernetes/why-kubernetes/content/without-container/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-kubernetes/why-kubernetes/content/without-container/_index.md @@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ title: "Without Container Orchestration" weight: 1 --- -### **Why Kubernetes?** +### Why Kubernetes? Running services in containers tend to produce numerous containers pretty quick. Handling many containers with no additional aid is a very cumbersome job. Hence, an orchestration solution is necessary to run services in containers efficiently. ![image](containers2.png) -### **Without Container Orchestration** +### Without Container Orchestration - Think about scaling up services; it **increases manual work**. - Think about fixing crashing nodes; it **increases manual work**. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/benefits/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/benefits/_index.md index cc5113ffc..9e6475978 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/benefits/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/benefits/_index.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ weight: 3 --- -### **Overview** +### Overview Block storage provides high-performance, flexible, and scalable solutions for applications requiring direct access to storage devices. It is well-suited for databases, virtualized environments, and other performance-critical workloads. Block storage offers several benefits compared to other storage systems. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/details/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/details/_index.md index b636cf8d1..34a6b999c 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/details/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/details/_index.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ weight: 3 --- -### **Explained** +### Explained Block storage is a fundamental component of cloud computing infrastructure, offering a versatile and scalable solution for storing and managing data. It allows dividing data into fixed-sized blocks, which can be accessed and manipulated independently. This flexibility allows for efficient data storage and retrieval, making block storage an ideal choice for applications requiring high-performance storage, such as databases and virtual machines. By leveraging block storage, organizations can focus on their core workflows and applications without the burden of managing file storage and locations. With the ability to scale horizontally and integrate seamlessly with other cloud services, block storage empowers customers to overcome the limitations of legacy storage systems, ensuring optimal performance and cost-effectiveness at any scale. -### **Definition** +### Definition Block storage is an architecture that divides data into fixed-size blocks, each with a unique address. Block storage devices like hard disk and solid-state drives use block-level access protocols like iSCSI and Fibre Channel to read and write data. This storage method is ideal for low-latency, high-performance environments where data access speed is crucial. However, it can be more complex and expensive to set up initially. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md index a09bb4f80..a04df5dc5 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/block-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ weight: 3 --- -### **Overview** +### Overview These are just a few examples of the many uses of block storage. Its versatility and scalability make it a crucial component in various IT environments, enabling efficient data storage and management for multiple applications and workloads. Block storage has many uses in cloud computing and other IT environments. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/benefits/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/benefits/_index.md index fb6bebbeb..7e0599e67 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/benefits/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/benefits/_index.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ weight: 3 --- -### **Overview** +### Overview Suppose your organization requires a centralized, easily accessible, affordable way to store files and folders. In that case, file-level storage is a good approach. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/details/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/details/_index.md index b9d66190c..f5ed77e0b 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/details/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/details/_index.md @@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ weight: 3 --- -### **Explained** +### Explained File storage has been around for considerably longer than object or block storage. It is something most people are familiar with. You name your files, place them in folders, and nest them under more folders to form a set path. This way, files are organized into a hierarchy, with directories and sub-directories. Each file also has a limited set of metadata associated with it, such as the file name, the date it was created, and the date it was last modified. Hierarchical file storage is practical for organizing structured data. This works well up to a point, but as capacity grows, the file model becomes burdensome for two reasons. First, performance suffers beyond a certain capacity. A NAS system has limited processing power, making the processor a bottleneck. Second, performance also suffers with the massive database – the file lookup tables – that accompany capacity growth. Scaling requires adding more hardware or upgrading to higher-capacity devices, which can be costly. Cloud-based file storage services offer a solution by allowing multiple users to access and share files stored in off-site data centers. With a monthly subscription fee, you can keep your files in the cloud, quickly scale up capacity, and specify performance and protection criteria. Additionally, you save on the expense of maintaining on-site hardware since the cloud service provider manages the infrastructure. -### **Definition** +### Definition File storage in the cloud refers to the practice of storing and managing files on remote servers that are accessible via the Internet. Instead of saving files on local storage devices like hard drives or USB drives, cloud storage allows users to upload and store files on servers maintained by a cloud storage provider. These files can then be accessed, shared, and synced across multiple devices and platforms. @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Examples of file cloud storage services include Dropbox, Google Drive, and Micro - Cloud File System: is a hierarchical storage system in the cloud that provides shared access to file data. Users can create, delete, modify, read, and write files, as well as organize them logically in directory trees for intuitive access. - Cloud File Sharing: is a service that provides simultaneous access for multiple users to a common set of files stored in the cloud. Security for online file storage is managed with user and group permissions so administrators can control access to the shared file data. -### **Requirements for Cloud File Storage** +### Requirements for Cloud File Storage An ideal file-based data storage solution in the cloud must deliver the proper performance and capacity for today while also being capable of scaling as business needs change. The solution should include the following features: @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ An ideal file-based data storage solution in the cloud must deliver the proper p - Compatibility: integrates seamlessly with existing applications with no new code to write - Fully Managed: provides a system that can be launched in minutes with no physical hardware required or ongoing software maintenance -### **Different Cloud File Storage Services** +### Different Cloud File Storage Services The benefits of cloud file storage are clear, but it is important to note that not all cloud file storage solutions are created equal; various solutions exist. Cloud file storage can be delivered in one of two ways: diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md index 3347b9311..31ea00b5f 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/file-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ weight: 3 --- -### **Overview** +### Overview Cloud file storage provides the flexibility to support and integrate with existing applications, plus the ease of deploying, managing, and maintaining all your files in the cloud. These two key advantages allow organizations to support various applications and verticals. Use cases such as large content repositories, development environments, media stores, and user home directories are ideal workloads for cloud-based file storage. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/benefits/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/benefits/_index.md index 2aebed262..e51b16f9f 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/benefits/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/benefits/_index.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ weight: 3 --- -### **Overview** +### Overview Overall, object storage provides a scalable, durable, and cost-effective solution for storing and managing large volumes of data. It is suitable for various use cases, including backup and recovery, content distribution, data archiving, and big data analytics. Object storage offers several benefits compared to traditional storage systems. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/details/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/details/_index.md index 70110c4c8..f2f0deac5 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/details/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/details/_index.md @@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ title: "Details - Object Storage" weight: 3 --- -### **Explained** +### Explained Object storage has become the foundation for web-scale architectures in public or private clouds. Its appeal is due to its potential to handle massive scale while minimizing complexity and cost. It allows application developers and users to focus more on their workflow and logic and not worry about managing file storage and file locations. Customers struggling with large-scale data storage deployments are turning to object storage to overcome the limitations that legacy storage systems face at scale. -### **Definiton** +### Definiton Object storage is an architecture that manages data as distinct units, known as objects. Each object contains the actual data, metadata, and a unique identifier. The metadata stored alongside the data can include information such as creation date, size, and custom attributes. This technique manages and manipulates data storage using objects in a central location, not structured as files within folders. This approach to data storage offers substantial benefits in terms of scalability, cost-efficiency, and ease of use. It is a primary form of storage used in cloud computing infrastructure. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md index 665b3fce1..2013560b1 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-storage/content/use-cases/_index.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: "Use Cases - Object Storage" weight: 3 --- -### **Overview** +### Overview These are just a few examples of the many uses of object storage. Its scalability, durability, and cost-effectiveness make it a popular choice for storing and managing large volumes of unstructured data in various industries and applications. Object storage is a versatile solution that finds applications in multiple industries and use cases. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-vs-block/content/object-vs-block/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-vs-block/content/object-vs-block/_index.md index 178d2b72a..b20bcd80c 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-vs-block/content/object-vs-block/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/object-vs-block/content/object-vs-block/_index.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ weight: 3 --- -### **Explained** +### Explained As our reliance on technology grows, so does our need for efficient and cost-effective data storage solutions. We'll explore two popular storage technologies, object storage and block storage, their fundamental differences, and their strengths and weaknesses so that you can choose the right solution for your organization. Object vs Block: Cost @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Cost is a crucial factor in data storage, and both object and block storage solu - Access Costs: One potential drawback of object storage is access costs. Retrieving data from object storage can be more expensive than block storage due to the additional overhead associated with the retrieval process. On the other hand, block storage provides direct access to data and typically incurs lower access costs. - Hardware Costs: Large-scale block storage often requires specialized hardware, such as Fiber Channel switches, which can be expensive to implement and maintain. On the other hand, object storage can use commodity hardware, making it a more cost-effective option for smaller organizations or those with limited budgets. -### **Object vs Block: Selection** +### Object vs Block: Selection Choosing between object and block storage ultimately depends on your specific data storage and management requirements. Object storage is ideal for storing unstructured data such as multimedia files, backups, and archives. It's also well-suited for distributed data storage, analytics, and big data applications. Block storage is ideal for storing structured data such as databases and virtual machines. It's also well-suited for high-performance applications that require low latency and high throughput. @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Choosing between object and block storage ultimately depends on your specific da - Evaluate Scalability: Object storage's scalability and elasticity make it an ideal solution for distributed data storage. In contrast, block storage may be more limiting in terms of scalability. - Evaluate Performance: Block storage typically offers lower latency and higher performance for applications that require rapid data access. In contrast, object storage can provide higher throughput for large data access requests. -### **Object vs Block: Scalability** +### Object vs Block: Scalability Scalability is critical in data storage, mainly as data volumes grow exponentially. @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Scalability is critical in data storage, mainly as data volumes grow exponential - Elasticity: Object storage's scalability extends to elasticity, allowing organizations to adjust storage capacity on-demand to meet changing data storage requirements. Block storage's scalability is typically more rigid, requiring more planning and management to scale effectively. - Data Distribution: Object storage's scalability and elasticity make it an ideal solution for distributed data storage. As organizations grow and expand, object storage can provide a cost-effective and efficient way to store data across multiple locations. -### **Object vs Block: Performance** +### Object vs Block: Performance Performance is another crucial consideration in data storage, particularly for applications that require rapid data access. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/what-types-of-storage/content/types-of-storage/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/what-types-of-storage/content/types-of-storage/_index.md index fe077099b..c6d264485 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/what-types-of-storage/content/types-of-storage/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/what-types-of-storage/content/types-of-storage/_index.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ description: "" title: "Storage Types" weight: 3 --- -### **Definition** +### Definition When it comes to storage in the cloud, there are three main types: - File Storage @@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ Let's take a closer look at each of them. ![file-object-block](file-object-block.png) -### **Files Storage** +### Files Storage File storage is designed to store and manage files in a hierarchical structure, similar to how files are organized in a traditional file system. It provides a shared file system that can be accessed by multiple users or applications simultaneously. File storage is suitable for scenarios where you need to store and access files in a structured manner, such as shared drives, file sharing, or hosting web content. -### **Object Storage** +### Object Storage Object storage, on the other hand, is a storage architecture that manages data as objects. Each object consists of data, metadata (attributes or properties associated with the object), and a unique identifier. Object storage is highly scalable and offers virtually unlimited storage capacity. It is ideal for storing unstructured data like images, videos, documents, backups, and logs. Object storage is accessed using APIs, making it suitable for cloud-native applications and distributed systems. -### **Block Storage** +### Block Storage Block storage works at the lowest storage level. It provides raw storage volumes that can be mounted as block devices by virtual machines or servers. It offers high-performance storage with low latency and is often used for databases, virtual machines, and applications that require direct access to storage at the block level. The operating system manages block storage and requires a file system to organize and manage data. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-cloud-storage/content/cloud-storage/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-cloud-storage/content/cloud-storage/_index.md index 059b49801..891941d6f 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-cloud-storage/content/cloud-storage/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-cloud-storage/content/cloud-storage/_index.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ description: "" title: "Cloud Storage" weight: 3 --- -### **Definition** +### Definition Cloud storage is a service that provides a convenient and scalable solution for storing, backing up, and accessing data over the Internet, eliminating the need for physical storage devices like hard drives or USB sticks. @@ -14,21 +14,21 @@ This approach simplifies data management, enhances data security, and promotes c ![cloud-storage](cloud-storage.png) -### **Benefits** +### Benefits Cloud storage offers several advantages over traditional local storage. Here are some key features and benefits of cloud storage: -### **Scalability** +### Scalability Cloud storage providers typically offer flexible plans, allowing users to increase or decrease their storage capacity as needed. This scalability makes it easy to accommodate changing storage requirements. -### **Accessibility** +### Accessibility Cloud storage allows users to access their files anywhere with an internet connection. This makes it convenient for users to access their data from different devices, such as computers, smartphones, or tablets. -### **Collaboration** +### Collaboration Cloud storage services often include collaboration features, allowing multiple users to access and work on the same files simultaneously. This makes it easier for teams to collaborate on projects and share documents. -### **Cost-effectiveness** +### Cost-effectiveness Cloud storage eliminates the need for users to invest in and maintain their physical storage infrastructure. Users typically pay for the storage they use on a subscription basis, making it a cost-effective solution for individuals and businesses. -### **Backup and Recovery** +### Backup and Recovery Cloud storage providers often have robust backup and recovery mechanisms in place. This helps protect data from loss due to hardware failures, accidents, or other unforeseen events. Users can quickly restore their files from backups stored in the cloud. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/defination/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/defination/_index.md index b938a1aa1..301f1a92b 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/defination/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/defination/_index.md @@ -4,56 +4,56 @@ description: "" title: "Calculate Scenario Pricing" weight: 3 --- -### **Definition** +### Definition Storage is crucial for preserving and accessing computer data, files, applications, and other digital content. Storage refers to the process of storing and retrieving data or information. It is an essential component of any computer system. ![storage-color](storage-color.jpg) -### **Basic Storage Types** +### Basic Storage Types There are several basic types of storage that are commonly used in computing systems. Here are the most common types: -#### **Primary Storage** +#### Primary Storage It is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is powered off or restarted. The computer's immediate storage space that holds processed data is also known as main memory or RAM (Random Access Memory). Primary storage is much faster than secondary storage but has limited capacity and is more expensive. -#### **Secondary Storage** +#### Secondary Storage It is non-volatile and long-term storage for data and programs, meaning it retains data even when the power is turned off. It includes devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), optical discs (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray), USB flash drives, and network-attached storage (NAS) devices. Secondary storage is slower than primary storage but offers much larger storage capacities at a lower cost. -#### **Tertiary Storage** +#### Tertiary Storage Tertiary storage is used for archival purposes and is typically slower and less accessible than primary and secondary storage. Examples include magnetic tape drives and optical jukeboxes. -### **Usage Storage Types** +### Usage Storage Types There are several usage types of storage that are commonly used in computing systems. Here are the most common types: -#### **Offline Storage** +#### Offline Storage Offline storage refers to storage devices that are not constantly connected to the computer system. Examples include external hard drives, USB flash drives, and memory cards. -#### **Network Storage** +#### Network Storage This type of storage is accessed over a network and is shared among multiple computers. Network-Attached Storage (NAS) and Storage Area Networks (SAN) are common examples of network storage. -#### **Virtual Storage** +#### Virtual Storage Virtual storage is a technique that allows the operating system to use secondary storage as if it were primary storage. It uses techniques like paging and swapping to manage memory efficiently. -### **Cloud Storage Types** +### Cloud Storage Types Cloud storage refers to storing data on remote servers accessed over the internet. It offers scalability, accessibility, and data redundancy. Cloud storage is catagorized into: -#### **Ephemeral Storage** +#### Ephemeral Storage Ephemeral storage refers to temporary storage that is only available for the duration of a session or a specific task. Once the session or task ends, the data stored in ephemeral storage is typically erased or lost. Examples of ephemeral storage include RAM (Random Access Memory) and cache memory. Ephemeral storage is often associated with cloud computing platforms, where virtual machines or containers are provisioned with temporary storage that is attached to the instance during its runtime. This storage is typically local to the instance and is not shared with other instances or persisted when the instance is terminated or restarted. Ephemeral storage is commonly used for temporary files, caches, logs, or any other data that is only needed temporarily and can be easily recreated or regenerated if lost. It is not suitable for storing important or permanent data, as it is not designed for durability or long-term persistence. -#### **Persistent Storage** +#### Persistent Storage Persistent storage is designed to retain data even when the power is turned off or the session ends. It is used for long-term storage of data that needs to be preserved and accessed across multiple sessions. Examples of persistent storage include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), optical drives, and cloud storage services. Persistent storage is typically provided by external storage systems such as hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), network-attached storage (NAS), storage area networks (SAN), or cloud-based object storage services. These storage systems are designed to ensure data durability and availability, even in the face of hardware failures or other disruptions. Persistent storage is typically slower than ephemeral storage, as it often involves accessing data over a network or from disk-based storage devices. However, it provides the advantage of durability and the ability to retain data even in the event of system failures or restarts. -### **Ephemeral vs Persistent** +### Ephemeral vs Persistent The distinction between ephemeral storage and persistent storage lies in the duration of data retention. Ephemeral storage is temporary and volatile, while persistent storage is permanent and non-volatile. The categories for ephemeral storage and persistent storage are as follows: @@ -63,27 +63,27 @@ In contrast to ephemeral storage, persistent storage is designed for long-term d ![storage_tier](storage-tier.jpg) -### **Storage Tier** +### Storage Tier A storage tier refers to a specific level or category of storage within a storage system. It is used to classify and organize data based on its performance, availability, and cost characteristics. Storage tiers are typically defined based on the underlying technology, such as solid-state drives (SSD), hard disk drives (HDD), or tape drives. Storage tiers provide a way to categorize and manage data based on its characteristics, allowing organizations to optimize storage resources and meet the specific needs of different types of data. -#### **Storage Performance** +#### Storage Performance The purpose of implementing storage tiers is to optimize the utilization of storage resources and match the requirements of different types of data. By assigning data to appropriate storage tiers, organizations can ensure that frequently accessed or critical data is stored on high-performance storage media, while less frequently accessed or less critical data is stored on lower-cost storage media. -### **Storage Management** +### Storage Management Storage tiers are often associated with hierarchical storage management (HSM) systems or storage virtualization technologies. These systems automatically move data between different tiers based on predefined policies and data access patterns. This dynamic data movement helps to balance performance, cost, and capacity requirements. ![storage_sys](storage-sys.jpg) -### **Storage Type vs Storage Tier** +### Storage Type vs Storage Tier The terms storage type and storage tier are related but have different meanings in the context of storage systems. Here's a breakdown of the differences: -#### **Storage Type** +#### Storage Type A storage type refers to the underlying technology or medium used for storing data. It describes the physical or logical storage device or system. For example, common storage types include solid-state drives (SSD), hard disk drives (HDD), tape drives, or cloud storage. Each storage type has its own characteristics in terms of performance, capacity, cost, and durability. -#### **Storage Tier** +#### Storage Tier A storage tier, on the other hand, refers to a specific level or category within a storage system that is based on performance, availability, and cost. It is a way of organizing and classifying data based on its importance or access patterns. Storage tiers are typically defined within a storage system and can consist of one or more storage types. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/overview/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/overview/_index.md index 69294558d..200a19f05 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/overview/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/overview/_index.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: "Storage Criteria" weight: 3 --- -### **Overview** +### Overview ![criteria](criteria.png) diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/storage-duration/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/storage-duration/_index.md index 7727d5f1b..a8ec6b0ce 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/storage-duration/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-storage/why-storage/content/storage-duration/_index.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ description: "" title: "Storage Duration" weight: 3 --- -### **Explained** +### Explained Storage Duration or Data Retention refers to the period of time that data is stored and maintained in a system or storage medium. It represents the duration for which data is preserved and remains accessible for retrieval or reference. diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-sustainability/corporate-sustainability/content/challenges/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-sustainability/corporate-sustainability/content/challenges/_index.md index c3daf3d50..b9213a447 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-sustainability/corporate-sustainability/content/challenges/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/intro-sustainability/corporate-sustainability/content/challenges/_index.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ title: "Challenges" weight: 4 --- -### **Watch out!** +### Watch out! - Initial Costs - Evolving Expectations diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/calculate-product-pricing/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/calculate-product-pricing/_index.md index 1d880a0ca..d6d29d951 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/calculate-product-pricing/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/calculate-product-pricing/_index.md @@ -6,33 +6,33 @@ weight: 2 --- -### **Calculate Product Pricing** +### Calculate Product Pricing Usually, you want to know the cost for a resource on a monthly basis, like you know your cost for other subscriptions like your mobile data plan, Spotify, Netflix and so forth. The official pricing can be found on the web exoscle.com/pricing and in the official price list. There you can find hourly pricing for the different products. In the Exoscale realm, we calculate with 720 hours per month, and other cloud providers use, e.g. 730 hours per month, this information is relevant if you want to compare monthly pricing. -#### **Application Server Instances Calculation** +#### Application Server Instances Calculation **2 x 720 x (100 x 0.00014 + 0.04666) = €87.35/month** - 2x Medium (€0.04666/h) - 100 GB disk (€0.00014/h/GB) - 720 hours per month -#### **Database Server Instances Calculation** +#### Database Server Instances Calculation **3 x 720 x (400 x 0.00014 + 0.04666) = €221.75/month** - 3x Medium (€0.04666/h) - 400 GB disk (€0.00014/h/GB) - 720 hours per month -#### **Backup Server Instance Calculation** +#### Backup Server Instance Calculation **1 x 720 x (50 x 0.00014 + 0.01458) = €15.54/month** - 1x Tiny (€0.01458/h) - 50 GB disk (€0.00014/h/GB) - 720 hours per month -#### **Elastic IP Calculation** +#### Elastic IP Calculation - 2 x 720 x 0.01389 = €20.00/month - 2x Elastic IP v2 (€0.01389/h) - 720 hours per month -#### **Exoscale DNS Calculation** +#### Exoscale DNS Calculation **1x SMALL = €1/month** - 1x SMALL - monthly subscription diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/calculate-scenario-pricing/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/calculate-scenario-pricing/_index.md index 4399569ad..87c34d157 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/calculate-scenario-pricing/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/calculate-scenario-pricing/_index.md @@ -6,29 +6,29 @@ weight: 3 --- -### **Calculate Scenario Pricing** +### Calculate Scenario Pricing For an overall scenario pricing, we have to add up all component prices - like the ones we calculated before - in our scenario, add data transfers to the internet and amount of storage in rest to the equation. Additional storage costs are associated with the Simple Object Storage (SOS). A scalable, reliable, and cost-effective solution to support your application. Backup or serve your data from any Exoscale zone with no hidden fees, using your existing S3-compatible tooling and a familiar API. -#### **Application Server Data Transfer Calculation** +#### Application Server Data Transfer Calculation **6 x 720 x 1.42 GB = 6134.40 GB/month** - data transfer to the Internet: 1000 GB/month - free tier definition = 1.42 GB/h/instance The free tier for our web-application consisting of 6 instances is 6134 GB; the monthly data transfer is 1000 GB to the Internet; hence it is below the free tier for our scenario. -#### **Public File Bucket Calculation** +#### Public File Bucket Calculation **200 x 0.020 + 10000 x 0.020 = €204.00/month** - 200 GB data stored - 10 TB data transferred (10000 GB) -#### **Backup Bucket Calculation** +#### Backup Bucket Calculation - 1000 x 0.020 = €20.00/month - 1 TB data stored (1000 GB) -#### **Calculation of Complete Scenario** +#### Calculation of Complete Scenario | Item | Cost (€/month) | |-------------------------------------|----------------| diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/pricing-calculator/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/pricing-calculator/_index.md index 1c903ec06..55c8186c0 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/pricing-calculator/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/pricing-calculator/_index.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ weight: 4 --- -### **Pricing Calculator** +### Pricing Calculator A simple and convenient tool to get product pricing for various configurations always available here: diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/typical-web-application/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/typical-web-application/_index.md index c935a6305..887e788da 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/typical-web-application/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/pricing/pricing/content/typical-web-application/_index.md @@ -6,29 +6,29 @@ weight: 1 --- -### **Typical Web Application** +### Typical Web Application Our example architecture consists of the following explained components, and it demonstrates the practical usage of several products together and the associated costs. -#### **Application Servers** +#### Application Servers run the web application. The application reads from the DB servers via the Elastic IP v2, and users access this web service via another Elastic IP v2 that distributes traffic evenly among them. Upload user files to the Public File Bucket. Installed in an Anti-Affinity group. -#### **Database Server** +#### Database Server operate a shared database (MySQL, MongoDB, etc.) that is capable of replicating data. Installed in an anti-affinity group to ensure that the individual components are never on the same physical host. -#### **Backup Server** +#### Backup Server responsible for reading the data and uploading it to the Backup Bucket object storage. -#### **Public File Bucket** +#### Public File Bucket stores and publishes user files, such as profile pictures, and makes them publicly available. -#### **Backup Bucket** +#### Backup Bucket holds the backups of the DB servers and the Public File Bucket. -#### **Elastic IP** +#### Elastic IP in v2 is used as a simple load balancer in this scenario that distributes traffic evenly. -#### **Exoscale DNS** +#### Exoscale DNS responsible for resolving the service domain name (example.com). ![pricing](pricing.png) diff --git a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/sks-advance/concepts/content/cluster-structure/_index.md b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/sks-advance/concepts/content/cluster-structure/_index.md index 83576b84e..f6793dc91 100644 --- a/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/sks-advance/concepts/content/cluster-structure/_index.md +++ b/content/learning-paths/98e16360-a366-4b78-8e0a-031da07fdacb/sks-advance/concepts/content/cluster-structure/_index.md @@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ title: "Cluster Structure" weight: 4 --- -### **Cluster Structure** +### Cluster Structure Let's have a look at the Kubernetes Cluster and its components. Although it is quite a complex structure, the beauty of SKS is that we manage the complexity. Kubernetes as a managed service remains a very flexible solution because the possibility of shaping the services with add-ons makes it very customizable. ![cluster-structure](cluster-structure.png) -#### **Cluster Structure"** +#### Cluster Structure" {{< card title="Video: Cluster Structure">}}