diff --git a/FormalConjectures/ErdosProblems/1167.lean b/FormalConjectures/ErdosProblems/1167.lean new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..038133c113 --- /dev/null +++ b/FormalConjectures/ErdosProblems/1167.lean @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ +/- +Copyright 2026 The Formal Conjectures Authors. + +Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); +you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. +You may obtain a copy of the License at + + https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + +Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software +distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, +WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. +See the License for the specific language governing permissions and +limitations under the License. +-/ + +import FormalConjectures.Util.ProblemImports + +/-! +# Erdős Problem 1167 + +**Verbatim statement (Erdős #1167, status O):** +> Let $r\geq 2$ be finite and $\lambda$ be an infinite cardinal. Let $\kappa_\alpha$ be cardinals for all $\alpha<\gamma$. Is it true that\[2^\lambda \to (\kappa_\alpha+1)_{\alpha<\gamma}^{r+1}\]implies\[\lambda \to (\kappa_\alpha)_{\alpha<\gamma}^{r}?\]Here $+$ means cardinal addition, so that $\kappa_\alpha+1=\kappa_\alpha$ if $\kappa_\alpha$ is infinite. + +**Source:** https://www.erdosproblems.com/1167 + +**Notes:** OPEN + + +*Reference:* [erdosproblems.com/1167](https://www.erdosproblems.com/1167) + +## Problem Statement + +Let $r \geq 2$ be finite and $\lambda$ be an infinite cardinal. Let $\kappa_\alpha$ be cardinals +for all $\alpha < \gamma$. Is it true that +$$2^\lambda \to (\kappa_\alpha + 1)_{\alpha < \gamma}^{r+1}$$ +implies +$$\lambda \to (\kappa_\alpha)_{\alpha < \gamma}^r?$$ + +Here the notation $\mu \to (\nu_\alpha)_{\alpha < \gamma}^s$ denotes the partition arrow: for +every coloring of $s$-element subsets of a set of cardinality $\mu$ using colors indexed by +$\alpha < \gamma$, there exists a monochromatic (homogeneous) subset of cardinality $\nu_\alpha$ +for some $\alpha < \gamma$. + +This is a problem of Erdős, Hajnal, and Rado. + +## Overview + +The central novelty in this file is `CardinalPartitionRel`: the general multicolor $r$-uniform +partition relation $\mu \to (\nu_\alpha)_{\alpha < \gamma}^r$ for infinite cardinals. + +- `μ` (a `Cardinal`) is the size of the base set whose $r$-element subsets are colored. +- `r : ℕ` is the uniformity (edges are $r$-element finite sets). +- `γ` (an `Ordinal`) indexes the color classes. +- `ν : γ.ToType → Cardinal` assigns a target cardinality to each color. + +The open question `erdos_1167` asks whether the $(r+1)$-uniform relation at $2^\lambda$ +(with targets $\kappa_\alpha + 1$) implies the $r$-uniform relation at $\lambda$ +(with targets $\kappa_\alpha$). + +## Formalization Notes + +- **r-element subsets**: We use `{s : Finset α // s.card = r}` as the type of $r$-element + subsets of a type `α` with `#α = μ`. +- **Homogeneous set**: A set `H : Set α` is homogeneous for color `i` if every $r$-element + subset of `H` receives color `i`. +- **Cardinal successor**: For an infinite cardinal $\kappa$, $\kappa + 1 = \kappa$ in cardinal + arithmetic. The $+1$ in the antecedent is thus only nontrivial when $\kappa_\alpha$ is finite. +- We use `Ordinal.ToType` to turn the index ordinal `γ` into a type for the coloring function. +- We avoid the identifier `λ` (reserved in Lean 4) and write `lam` for the cardinal $\lambda$. +-/ + +open Cardinal Ordinal + +namespace Erdos1167 + +universe u + +/- ### The r-uniform cardinal partition relation -/ + +/-- +`CardinalPartitionRel μ r γ ν` asserts the multicolor $r$-uniform partition relation +$$\mu \to (\nu_\alpha)_{\alpha < \gamma}^r.$$ + +It states: for any type `A` with `#A = μ` and any coloring `col` of the $r$-element finite +subsets of `A` by `γ.ToType` (the colors indexed by ordinals less than `γ`), there exists: +- a color `i : γ.ToType`, and +- a subset `H : Set A` with `#H = ν i`, +such that every $r$-element subset of `H` receives color `i`. + +When `γ = 2` and `r = 2` this reduces to the classical binary partition relation +$\mu \to (\nu_0, \nu_1)^2$. +-/ +def CardinalPartitionRel (μ : Cardinal.{u}) (r : ℕ) (γ : Ordinal.{u}) + (ν : γ.ToType → Cardinal.{u}) : Prop := + ∀ (A : Type u), #A = μ → + ∀ col : {s : Finset A // s.card = r} → γ.ToType, + ∃ (i : γ.ToType) (H : Set A), + #H = ν i ∧ + ∀ (s : Finset A) (hs : s.card = r), (↑s : Set A) ⊆ H → col ⟨s, hs⟩ = i + +/- ### The main open problem -/ + +/-- +**OPEN**: Let $r \geq 2$ be finite and $\lambda$ be an infinite cardinal. Let +$\kappa_\alpha$ be cardinals for all $\alpha < \gamma$. Is it true that +$$2^\lambda \to (\kappa_\alpha + 1)_{\alpha < \gamma}^{r+1} \implies + \lambda \to (\kappa_\alpha)_{\alpha < \gamma}^r?$$ + +Here $\kappa_\alpha + 1$ denotes the cardinal successor (for finite $\kappa_\alpha$) or +$\kappa_\alpha$ itself (for infinite $\kappa_\alpha$, since $\kappa + 1 = \kappa$). + +The relation $\mu \to (\nu_\alpha)_{\alpha < \gamma}^s$ is the $s$-uniform partition relation: +every coloring of $s$-element subsets of a $\mu$-sized set by $\gamma$ colors yields a +monochromatic set of size $\nu_\alpha$ for some $\alpha$. + +The "stepping-down" goes from $(r+1)$-uniform hypergraphs on a set of size $2^\lambda$ to +$r$-uniform hypergraphs on a set of size $\lambda$. + +*A problem of Erdős, Hajnal, and Rado.* + +**Status**: OPEN. +-/ +@[category research open, AMS 5] +theorem erdos_1167 : + ∀ (r : ℕ), 2 ≤ r → + ∀ (lam : Cardinal.{u}), ℵ₀ ≤ lam → + ∀ (γ : Ordinal.{u}) (κ : γ.ToType → Cardinal.{u}), + -- Hypothesis: 2^lam → (κ_α + 1)_{α<γ}^{r+1} + CardinalPartitionRel ((2 : Cardinal.{u}) ^ lam) (r + 1) γ (fun α => κ α + 1) → + -- Conclusion: lam → (κ_α)_{α<γ}^r + CardinalPartitionRel lam r γ κ := by + sorry + +/- ### Variants and related results -/ + +namespace erdos_1167.variants + +/-- +**Finite target case**: When all $\kappa_\alpha$ are finite, $\kappa_\alpha + 1$ in the +partition relation is the ordinary successor natural number. This is the "classical" instance +of the stepping-down problem: from $(r+1)$-uniform colorings on $2^\lambda$ to $r$-uniform +colorings on $\lambda$, with finite target sizes. + +**Status**: OPEN (as a special case of `erdos_1167`). +-/ +@[category research open, AMS 5] +theorem finite_targets (r : ℕ) (hr : 2 ≤ r) (lam : Cardinal.{u}) (hlam : ℵ₀ ≤ lam) + (γ : Ordinal.{u}) (n : γ.ToType → ℕ) : + CardinalPartitionRel ((2 : Cardinal.{u}) ^ lam) (r + 1) γ + (fun α => (n α : Cardinal.{u}) + 1) → + CardinalPartitionRel lam r γ (fun α => (n α : Cardinal.{u})) := by + sorry + +/-- +**Binary case**: The $\gamma = 2$ specialization, i.e. two color classes. + +Is it true that $2^\lambda \to (\kappa_0 + 1, \kappa_1 + 1)^{r+1}$ implies +$\lambda \to (\kappa_0, \kappa_1)^r$ for all $r \geq 2$ and infinite $\lambda$? + +**Status**: OPEN (as a special case of `erdos_1167`). +-/ +@[category research open, AMS 5] +theorem binary_colors (r : ℕ) (hr : 2 ≤ r) (lam κ₀ κ₁ : Cardinal.{u}) (hlam : ℵ₀ ≤ lam) : + -- γ = 2, colors indexed by Fin 2 + (∀ (A : Type u), #A = (2 : Cardinal.{u}) ^ lam → + ∀ col : {s : Finset A // s.card = r + 1} → Fin 2, + (∃ H : Set A, #H = κ₀ + 1 ∧ + ∀ (s : Finset A) (hs : s.card = r + 1), + (↑s : Set A) ⊆ H → col ⟨s, hs⟩ = 0) ∨ + (∃ H : Set A, #H = κ₁ + 1 ∧ + ∀ (s : Finset A) (hs : s.card = r + 1), + (↑s : Set A) ⊆ H → col ⟨s, hs⟩ = 1)) → + (∀ (A : Type u), #A = lam → + ∀ col : {s : Finset A // s.card = r} → Fin 2, + (∃ H : Set A, #H = κ₀ ∧ + ∀ (s : Finset A) (hs : s.card = r), + (↑s : Set A) ⊆ H → col ⟨s, hs⟩ = 0) ∨ + (∃ H : Set A, #H = κ₁ ∧ + ∀ (s : Finset A) (hs : s.card = r), + (↑s : Set A) ⊆ H → col ⟨s, hs⟩ = 1)) := by + sorry + +/-- +**Infinite target case**: When all $\kappa_\alpha \geq \aleph_0$ are infinite, the cardinal +successor satisfies $\kappa_\alpha + 1 = \kappa_\alpha$ in cardinal arithmetic, so the +hypothesis simplifies to +$$2^\lambda \to (\kappa_\alpha)_{\alpha < \gamma}^{r+1}$$ +implying +$$\lambda \to (\kappa_\alpha)_{\alpha < \gamma}^r.$$ + +The $+1$ disappears for infinite targets, making this a "pure" stepping-down lemma. + +**Status**: OPEN (as a special case of `erdos_1167`). +-/ +@[category research open, AMS 5] +theorem infinite_targets (r : ℕ) (hr : 2 ≤ r) (lam : Cardinal.{u}) (hlam : ℵ₀ ≤ lam) + (γ : Ordinal.{u}) (κ : γ.ToType → Cardinal.{u}) (hκ : ∀ i, ℵ₀ ≤ κ i) : + -- For infinite κ_α, κ_α + 1 = κ_α (so hypothesis and conclusion share the same targets) + CardinalPartitionRel ((2 : Cardinal.{u}) ^ lam) (r + 1) γ κ → + CardinalPartitionRel lam r γ κ := by + sorry + +/-- +**r = 2 case**: The stepping-down from 3-uniform to 2-uniform (pairs) partition relations. + +Is it true that $2^\lambda \to (\kappa_\alpha + 1)_{\alpha < \gamma}^3$ implies +$\lambda \to (\kappa_\alpha)_{\alpha < \gamma}^2$? + +This is the case $r = 2$ of `erdos_1167` and is a generalization of the classical +Erdős–Rado stepping-up/stepping-down theorems for pairs. + +**Status**: OPEN (as a special case of `erdos_1167`). +-/ +@[category research open, AMS 5] +theorem r_eq_two (lam : Cardinal.{u}) (hlam : ℵ₀ ≤ lam) + (γ : Ordinal.{u}) (κ : γ.ToType → Cardinal.{u}) : + CardinalPartitionRel ((2 : Cardinal.{u}) ^ lam) 3 γ (fun α => κ α + 1) → + CardinalPartitionRel lam 2 γ κ := by + sorry + +end erdos_1167.variants + +/- ### Sanity checks -/ + +/-- +**Sanity check**: The hypothesis `ℵ₀ ≤ lam` is non-vacuous: $\aleph_0$ is an infinite cardinal. +-/ +@[category test, AMS 5] +example : ℵ₀ ≤ ℵ₀ := le_refl _ + +/-- +**Sanity check**: $2^{\aleph_0} > \aleph_0$, so the power $2^\lambda$ is strictly larger than +$\lambda$ for $\lambda = \aleph_0$. This confirms the two base sets in the stepping-down +implication are genuinely of different sizes. +-/ +@[category test, AMS 5] +example : ℵ₀ < (2 : Cardinal) ^ ℵ₀ := Cardinal.cantor ℵ₀ + +/-- +**Sanity check**: Every 0-element finset is empty. This confirms `Finset.card = 0` is +non-trivial and that the condition `s.card = r` in `CardinalPartitionRel` correctly captures +the notion of an $r$-element subset. +-/ +@[category test, AMS 5] +example (A : Type u) (s : Finset A) (hs : s.card = 0) : s = ∅ := + Finset.card_eq_zero.mp hs + +end Erdos1167