diff --git a/DESCRIPTION b/DESCRIPTION
index 00b3118..4921988 100644
--- a/DESCRIPTION
+++ b/DESCRIPTION
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Package: fly
 Title: Airphoto Footprint Estimation and Coverage Selection
-Version: 0.2.1
+Version: 0.3.0
 Authors@R: c(
     person("Allan", "Irvine", , "al@newgraphenvironment.com", role = c("aut", "cre"),
            comment = c(ORCID = "0000-0002-3495-2128")),
diff --git a/NAMESPACE b/NAMESPACE
index 3715e0a..04cf979 100644
--- a/NAMESPACE
+++ b/NAMESPACE
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 # Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
 
+export(fly_bearing)
 export(fly_coverage)
 export(fly_fetch)
 export(fly_filter)
 export(fly_footprint)
+export(fly_georef)
 export(fly_overlap)
 export(fly_select)
 export(fly_summary)
-export(fly_thumb_georef)
 importFrom(rlang,"!!")
 importFrom(rlang,":=")
 importFrom(rlang,.data)
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index 822f056..31e2439 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 # fly (development version)
 
+## 0.3.0 (2026-03-12)
+
+- **BREAKING:** Rename `fly_thumb_georef()` → `fly_georef()` — not thumbnail-specific ([#24](https://github.com/NewGraphEnvironment/fly/issues/24))
+- Add `rotation` parameter to `fly_georef()` (default 180°) for correcting image orientation per-roll ([#25](https://github.com/NewGraphEnvironment/fly/issues/25))
+- Add `fly_bearing()` — compute flight line bearing from consecutive centroids per roll
+- Per-photo rotation via `rotation` column on input sf overrides default
+
 ## 0.2.1 (2026-03-11)
 
 - Add `workers` parameter to `fly_fetch()` for parallel downloads via `furrr`/`future` ([#21](https://github.com/NewGraphEnvironment/fly/issues/21))
diff --git a/R/fly_bearing.R b/R/fly_bearing.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7995224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/fly_bearing.R
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#' Compute flight line bearing from consecutive airphoto centroids
+#'
+#' Estimates the flight direction for each photo by computing the azimuth
+#' between consecutive centroids on the same film roll, sorted by frame
+#' number. Useful for diagnosing image rotation issues in [fly_georef()].
+#'
+#' @param photos_sf An sf object with `film_roll` and `frame_number`
+#'   columns. Projected to BC Albers (EPSG:3005) internally for metric
+#'   bearing computation.
+#' @return The input sf object with an added `bearing` column (degrees
+#'   clockwise from north, 0–360). Photos with no computable bearing
+#'   (single-frame rolls) get `NA`.
+#'
+#' @details
+#' Within each roll, frames are sorted by `frame_number`. The bearing
+#' for each frame is the azimuth to the next frame on the same roll.
+#' The last frame on each roll gets the bearing from the previous frame.
+#'
+#' Aerial survey flights follow back-and-forth patterns, so bearings
+#' alternate between ~opposite directions (e.g., 90° and 270°) on
+#' consecutive legs. Large frame number gaps may indicate a new flight
+#' line within the same roll.
+#'
+#' @examples
+#' centroids <- sf::st_read(system.file("testdata/photo_centroids.gpkg", package = "fly"))
+#' with_bearing <- fly_bearing(centroids)
+#' with_bearing[, c("film_roll", "frame_number", "bearing")]
+#'
+#' @export
+fly_bearing <- function(photos_sf) {
+  if (!all(c("film_roll", "frame_number") %in% names(photos_sf))) {
+    stop("`photos_sf` must have `film_roll` and `frame_number` columns.",
+         call. = FALSE)
+  }
+
+  # Project to BC Albers for metric bearing
+  proj <- sf::st_transform(photos_sf, 3005)
+  coords <- sf::st_coordinates(proj)
+
+  # Sort index by roll + frame
+
+  ord <- order(photos_sf$film_roll, photos_sf$frame_number)
+
+  bearing <- rep(NA_real_, nrow(photos_sf))
+
+  rolls <- photos_sf$film_roll[ord]
+  x <- coords[ord, 1]
+  y <- coords[ord, 2]
+
+  for (i in seq_along(ord)) {
+    if (i < length(ord) && rolls[i] == rolls[i + 1]) {
+      # Forward bearing to next frame on same roll
+      dx <- x[i + 1] - x[i]
+      dy <- y[i + 1] - y[i]
+      bearing[ord[i]] <- (atan2(dx, dy) * 180 / pi) %% 360
+    } else if (i > 1 && rolls[i] == rolls[i - 1]) {
+      # Last frame on roll: use bearing from previous
+      dx <- x[i] - x[i - 1]
+      dy <- y[i] - y[i - 1]
+      bearing[ord[i]] <- (atan2(dx, dy) * 180 / pi) %% 360
+    }
+    # else: single-frame roll, stays NA
+  }
+
+  photos_sf$bearing <- bearing
+  photos_sf
+}
diff --git a/R/fly_georef.R b/R/fly_georef.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f018ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R/fly_georef.R
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+#' Georeference airphoto images to footprint polygons
+#'
+#' Warps images to their estimated ground footprint using GCPs (ground control
+#' points) derived from [fly_footprint()]. Produces georeferenced GeoTIFFs in
+#' BC Albers (EPSG:3005). Works with thumbnails and full-resolution scans.
+#'
+#' @param fetch_result A tibble returned by [fly_fetch()], with columns
+#'   `airp_id`, `dest`, and `success`.
+#' @param photos_sf The same sf object passed to `fly_fetch()`, with a
+#'   `scale` column for footprint estimation. If a `rotation` column is
+#'   present, per-photo rotation values are used (see **Rotation** below).
+#' @param dest_dir Directory for output GeoTIFFs. Created if it does not
+#'   exist.
+#' @param overwrite If `FALSE` (default), skip files that already exist.
+#' @param srcnodata Source nodata value passed to GDAL warp. Black pixels
+#'   matching this value are treated as transparent (alpha=0 for RGB,
+#'   nodata for grayscale). Default `"0"` masks camera frame borders and
+#'   film holder edges at the cost of losing real black pixels — acceptable
+#'   for thumbnails but may need adjustment for full-resolution scans.
+#'   Set to `NULL` to disable source nodata detection entirely.
+#' @param rotation Image rotation in degrees clockwise. One of `"auto"`,
+#'   `0`, `90`, `180`, or `270`. `"auto"` (default) computes flight line
+#'   bearing from consecutive centroids and derives rotation per-photo —
+#'   requires `film_roll` and `frame_number` columns. Fixed values apply
+#'   the same rotation to all photos. Overridden per-photo if `photos_sf`
+#'   contains a `rotation` column.
+#' @return A tibble with columns `airp_id`, `source`, `dest`, and `success`.
+#'
+#' @details
+#' Each image's four corners are mapped to the corresponding footprint
+#' polygon corners computed by [fly_footprint()] in BC Albers. GDAL
+#' translates the image with GCPs then warps to the target CRS using
+#' bilinear resampling.
+#'
+#' **Rotation:** Aerial photos may appear rotated in their footprints
+#' because the camera orientation relative to north varies by flight
+#' direction, camera mounting, and scanner orientation. The `rotation`
+#' parameter rotates the GCP corner mapping:
+#' \itemize{
+#'   \item `0` — top of image maps to north edge of footprint (original behavior)
+#'   \item `90` — top of image maps to east edge (90° clockwise)
+#'   \item `180` — top of image maps to south edge (default, correct for most BC photos)
+#'   \item `270` — top of image maps to west edge
+#' }
+#'
+#' When `rotation = "auto"`, the bearing-to-rotation formula is:
+#' `floor((bearing + 91) / 90) * 90 %% 360`. This was calibrated on
+#' BC aerial photos spanning 1968–2019 across multiple camera systems
+#' and scanners. Photos on diagonal flight lines (~45° off cardinal)
+#' may be imperfect — check visually and override with a `rotation`
+#' column if needed.
+#'
+#' Within a film roll, consecutive flight legs alternate direction
+#' (back-and-forth pattern), so different frames on the same roll may
+#' need different rotations. This is why `"auto"` computes per-photo,
+#' not per-roll. To override, add a `rotation` column to `photos_sf`:
+#' ```
+#' photos$rotation <- dplyr::case_when(
+#'   photos$film_roll == "bc5282" ~ 270,
+#'   .default = NA  # fall through to auto
+#' )
+#' ```
+#'
+#' **Nodata handling:** Two sources of unwanted black pixels are masked:
+#'
+#' 1. **Warp fill** — GDAL creates black pixels outside the rotated source
+#'    frame. RGB images get an alpha band (`-dstalpha`); grayscale use
+#'    `dstnodata=0`.
+#' 2. **Camera frame borders** — film holder edges, fiducial marks, and
+#'    scanning artifacts produce black (value 0) pixels within the source
+#'    image. The `srcnodata` parameter (default `"0"`) tells GDAL to treat
+#'    these as transparent before warping.
+#'
+#' **Tradeoff:** `srcnodata = "0"` also masks real black pixels (deep
+#' shadows). At thumbnail resolution (~1250x1250) this is acceptable —
+#' shadow detail is minimal. For full-resolution scans where shadow
+#' detail matters, set `srcnodata = NULL` and handle frame masking
+#' downstream (e.g., circle detection).
+#'
+#' **Accuracy:** footprints assume flat terrain and nadir camera angle.
+#' The georeferenced images are approximate — useful for visual context,
+#' not survey-grade positioning. See [fly_footprint()] for details on
+#' limitations.
+#'
+#' @examples
+#' centroids <- sf::st_read(system.file("testdata/photo_centroids.gpkg", package = "fly"))
+#'
+#' # Fetch and georeference with auto rotation (uses bearing from centroids)
+#' fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1:2, ], type = "thumbnail",
+#'                      dest_dir = tempdir())
+#' georef <- fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1:2, ],
+#'                      dest_dir = tempdir())
+#' georef
+#'
+#' @export
+fly_georef <- function(fetch_result, photos_sf,
+                       dest_dir = "georef", overwrite = FALSE,
+                       srcnodata = "0", rotation = "auto") {
+  if (!all(c("airp_id", "dest", "success") %in% names(fetch_result))) {
+    stop("`fetch_result` must be output from `fly_fetch()`.", call. = FALSE)
+  }
+
+  auto_rotation <- identical(rotation, "auto")
+  if (!auto_rotation) {
+    rotation <- as.integer(rotation)
+    if (!rotation %in% c(0L, 90L, 180L, 270L)) {
+      stop("`rotation` must be one of \"auto\", 0, 90, 180, 270.", call. = FALSE)
+    }
+  }
+
+  dir.create(dest_dir, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)
+
+  # Build footprints in BC Albers
+  footprints <- fly_footprint(photos_sf) |> sf::st_transform(3005)
+
+  # Match fetch results to photos by airp_id
+  ids <- fetch_result$airp_id
+
+  # Per-photo rotation: column overrides auto/default
+
+  has_rotation_col <- "rotation" %in% names(photos_sf)
+
+  # Auto-compute bearing → rotation when needed
+  if (auto_rotation && !has_rotation_col) {
+    if (all(c("film_roll", "frame_number") %in% names(photos_sf))) {
+      photos_sf <- fly_bearing(photos_sf)
+      photos_sf$rotation <- bearing_to_rotation(photos_sf$bearing)
+      has_rotation_col <- TRUE
+    } else {
+      message("No film_roll/frame_number columns for auto rotation, using 180")
+      rotation <- 180L
+      auto_rotation <- FALSE
+    }
+  }
+
+  results <- dplyr::tibble(
+    airp_id = ids,
+    source  = fetch_result$dest,
+    dest    = NA_character_,
+    success = FALSE
+  )
+
+  for (i in seq_len(nrow(results))) {
+    if (!fetch_result$success[i]) next
+    src <- results$source[i]
+    if (is.na(src) || !file.exists(src)) next
+
+    out_file <- file.path(dest_dir,
+                          sub("\\.[^.]+$", ".tif", basename(src)))
+    results$dest[i] <- out_file
+
+    if (!overwrite && file.exists(out_file)) {
+      results$success[i] <- TRUE
+      next
+    }
+
+    # Find matching footprint
+    fp_idx <- which(photos_sf[["airp_id"]] == results$airp_id[i])
+    if (length(fp_idx) == 0) next
+    fp <- footprints[fp_idx[1], ]
+
+    # Per-photo rotation from column, or default
+    rot <- if (has_rotation_col) {
+      val <- as.integer(photos_sf[["rotation"]][fp_idx[1]])
+      if (is.na(val)) {
+        if (auto_rotation) 180L else rotation
+      } else val
+    } else {
+      rotation
+    }
+
+    results$success[i] <- tryCatch(
+      georef_one(src, fp, out_file, srcnodata = srcnodata, rotation = rot),
+      error = function(e) {
+        message("Failed to georef ", basename(src), ": ", e$message)
+        FALSE
+      }
+    )
+  }
+
+  n_ok <- sum(results$success)
+  message("Georeferenced ", n_ok, " of ", nrow(results), " images")
+  results
+}
+
+#' Georeference a single image to a footprint polygon
+#' @noRd
+georef_one <- function(src, fp, out_file, srcnodata = "0", rotation = 180) {
+  # Get footprint corner coordinates
+  # fly_footprint builds: BL, BR, TR, TL, BL (closing)
+  coords <- sf::st_coordinates(fp)[1:4, , drop = FALSE]
+  # coords: [1]=BL, [2]=BR, [3]=TR, [4]=TL
+
+  # Read image dimensions and band count via GDAL
+  info <- sf::gdal_utils("info", source = src, quiet = TRUE)
+  dims <- regmatches(info, regexpr("Size is \\d+, \\d+", info))
+  if (length(dims) == 0) return(FALSE)
+  px <- as.integer(strsplit(sub("Size is ", "", dims), ", ")[[1]])
+  ncol_px <- px[1]
+  nrow_px <- px[2]
+
+  # Count bands from "Band N" lines
+  n_bands <- length(gregexpr("Band \\d+", info)[[1]])
+  is_rgb <- n_bands >= 3
+
+  # Pixel corners: TL, TR, BR, BL
+  pixel_corners <- list(
+    c(0, 0),              # TL
+    c(ncol_px, 0),        # TR
+    c(ncol_px, nrow_px),  # BR
+    c(0, nrow_px)         # BL
+  )
+
+  # Footprint corners in same order: TL, TR, BR, BL
+  fp_corners <- list(
+    coords[4, 1:2],  # TL
+    coords[3, 1:2],  # TR
+    coords[2, 1:2],  # BR
+    coords[1, 1:2]   # BL
+  )
+
+  # Rotation: shift the footprint corner mapping
+
+  # rotation=0:   pixel TL → footprint TL (north-up, original behavior)
+  # rotation=90:  pixel TL → footprint TR (top of image = east)
+  # rotation=180: pixel TL → footprint BR (top of image = south)
+  # rotation=270: pixel TL → footprint BL (top of image = west)
+  n_shifts <- rotation %/% 90
+  if (n_shifts > 0) {
+    fp_corners <- c(
+      fp_corners[(n_shifts + 1):4],
+      fp_corners[1:n_shifts]
+    )
+  }
+
+  # Build GCP args mapping pixel corners to (rotated) footprint corners
+  gcp_args <- character(0)
+  for (j in seq_along(pixel_corners)) {
+    gcp_args <- c(gcp_args,
+      "-gcp", pixel_corners[[j]][1], pixel_corners[[j]][2],
+      fp_corners[[j]][1], fp_corners[[j]][2]
+    )
+  }
+
+  # Step 1: translate with GCPs
+  tmp_file <- tempfile(fileext = ".tif")
+  on.exit(unlink(tmp_file), add = TRUE)
+
+  sf::gdal_utils("translate",
+    source = src,
+    destination = tmp_file,
+    options = c("-a_srs", "EPSG:3005", gcp_args)
+  )
+
+  # Step 2: warp to target CRS with nodata handling
+  # srcnodata: masks black source pixels (camera frame borders)
+  # RGB: alpha band (-dstalpha) for transparent fill in mosaics
+  # Grayscale: dstnodata=0 for nodata metadata
+  warp_opts <- c("-t_srs", "EPSG:3005", "-r", "bilinear")
+  if (!is.null(srcnodata)) {
+    src_val <- if (is_rgb) {
+      paste(rep(srcnodata, n_bands), collapse = " ")
+    } else {
+      srcnodata
+    }
+    warp_opts <- c(warp_opts, "-srcnodata", src_val)
+  }
+  if (is_rgb) {
+    warp_opts <- c(warp_opts, "-dstalpha")
+  } else {
+    warp_opts <- c(warp_opts, "-dstnodata", "0")
+  }
+
+  sf::gdal_utils("warp",
+    source = tmp_file,
+    destination = out_file,
+    options = warp_opts
+  )
+
+  file.exists(out_file) && file.size(out_file) > 0
+}
+
+#' Convert flight bearing to GCP rotation
+#'
+#' Formula calibrated on BC aerial photos (1968–2019).
+#' @param bearing Numeric vector of bearings (degrees, 0–360).
+#' @return Integer vector of rotations (0, 90, 180, or 270). NA bearings
+#'   return 180 (most common default).
+#' @noRd
+bearing_to_rotation <- function(bearing) {
+  rot <- (floor((bearing + 91) / 90) * 90L) %% 360L
+  rot[is.na(rot)] <- 180L
+  as.integer(rot)
+}
diff --git a/R/fly_thumb_georef.R b/R/fly_thumb_georef.R
deleted file mode 100644
index 42d15c0..0000000
--- a/R/fly_thumb_georef.R
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-#' Georeference downloaded thumbnails to footprint polygons
-#'
-#' Warps thumbnail images to their estimated ground footprint using GCPs
-#' (ground control points) derived from [fly_footprint()]. Produces
-#' georeferenced GeoTIFFs in BC Albers (EPSG:3005).
-#'
-#' @param fetch_result A tibble returned by [fly_fetch()], with columns
-#'   `airp_id`, `dest`, and `success`.
-#' @param photos_sf The same sf object passed to `fly_fetch()`, with a
-#'   `scale` column for footprint estimation.
-#' @param dest_dir Directory for output GeoTIFFs. Created if it does not
-#'   exist.
-#' @param overwrite If `FALSE` (default), skip files that already exist.
-#' @param srcnodata Source nodata value passed to GDAL warp. Black pixels
-#'   matching this value are treated as transparent (alpha=0 for RGB,
-#'   nodata for grayscale). Default `"0"` masks camera frame borders and
-#'   film holder edges at the cost of losing real black pixels — acceptable
-#'   for thumbnails but may need adjustment for full-resolution scans.
-#'   Set to `NULL` to disable source nodata detection entirely.
-#' @return A tibble with columns `airp_id`, `source`, `dest`, and `success`.
-#'
-#' @details
-#' Each thumbnail's four corners are mapped to the corresponding footprint
-#' polygon corners computed by [fly_footprint()] in BC Albers. GDAL
-#' translates the image with GCPs then warps to the target CRS using
-#' bilinear resampling.
-#'
-#' **Nodata handling:** Two sources of unwanted black pixels are masked:
-#'
-#' 1. **Warp fill** — GDAL creates black pixels outside the rotated source
-#'    frame. RGB thumbnails get an alpha band (`-dstalpha`); grayscale use
-#'    `dstnodata=0`.
-#' 2. **Camera frame borders** — film holder edges, fiducial marks, and
-#'    scanning artifacts produce black (value 0) pixels within the source
-#'    image. The `srcnodata` parameter (default `"0"`) tells GDAL to treat
-#'    these as transparent before warping.
-#'
-#' **Tradeoff:** `srcnodata = "0"` also masks real black pixels (deep
-#' shadows). At thumbnail resolution (~1250x1250) this is acceptable —
-#' shadow detail is minimal. For full-resolution scans where shadow
-#' detail matters, set `srcnodata = NULL` and handle frame masking
-#' downstream (e.g., circle detection).
-#'
-#' **Accuracy:** footprints assume flat terrain and nadir camera angle.
-#' The georeferenced thumbnails are approximate — useful for visual context,
-#' not survey-grade positioning. See [fly_footprint()] for details on
-#' limitations.
-#'
-#' @examples
-#' centroids <- sf::st_read(system.file("testdata/photo_centroids.gpkg", package = "fly"))
-#'
-#' # Fetch and georeference first 2 thumbnails
-#' fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1:2, ], type = "thumbnail",
-#'                      dest_dir = tempdir())
-#' georef <- fly_thumb_georef(fetched, centroids[1:2, ],
-#'                            dest_dir = tempdir())
-#' georef
-#'
-#' @export
-fly_thumb_georef <- function(fetch_result, photos_sf,
-                             dest_dir = "georef", overwrite = FALSE,
-                             srcnodata = "0") {
-  if (!all(c("airp_id", "dest", "success") %in% names(fetch_result))) {
-    stop("`fetch_result` must be output from `fly_fetch()`.", call. = FALSE)
-  }
-
-  dir.create(dest_dir, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)
-
-  # Build footprints in BC Albers
-  footprints <- fly_footprint(photos_sf) |> sf::st_transform(3005)
-
-  # Match fetch results to photos by airp_id
-  ids <- fetch_result$airp_id
-
-  results <- dplyr::tibble(
-    airp_id = ids,
-    source  = fetch_result$dest,
-    dest    = NA_character_,
-    success = FALSE
-  )
-
-  for (i in seq_len(nrow(results))) {
-    if (!fetch_result$success[i]) next
-    src <- results$source[i]
-    if (is.na(src) || !file.exists(src)) next
-
-    out_file <- file.path(dest_dir,
-                          sub("\\.[^.]+$", ".tif", basename(src)))
-    results$dest[i] <- out_file
-
-    if (!overwrite && file.exists(out_file)) {
-      results$success[i] <- TRUE
-      next
-    }
-
-    # Find matching footprint
-    fp_idx <- which(photos_sf[["airp_id"]] == results$airp_id[i])
-    if (length(fp_idx) == 0) next
-    fp <- footprints[fp_idx[1], ]
-
-    results$success[i] <- tryCatch(
-      georef_one(src, fp, out_file, srcnodata = srcnodata),
-      error = function(e) {
-        message("Failed to georef ", basename(src), ": ", e$message)
-        FALSE
-      }
-    )
-  }
-
-  n_ok <- sum(results$success)
-  message("Georeferenced ", n_ok, " of ", nrow(results), " thumbnails")
-  results
-}
-
-#' Georeference a single thumbnail to a footprint polygon
-#' @noRd
-georef_one <- function(src, fp, out_file, srcnodata = "0") {
-  # Get footprint corner coordinates
-  # fly_footprint builds: BL, BR, TR, TL, BL (closing)
-  coords <- sf::st_coordinates(fp)[1:4, , drop = FALSE]
-
-  # Read image dimensions and band count via GDAL
-  info <- sf::gdal_utils("info", source = src, quiet = TRUE)
-  dims <- regmatches(info, regexpr("Size is \\d+, \\d+", info))
-  if (length(dims) == 0) return(FALSE)
-  px <- as.integer(strsplit(sub("Size is ", "", dims), ", ")[[1]])
-  ncol_px <- px[1]
-  nrow_px <- px[2]
-
-  # Count bands from "Band N" lines
-  n_bands <- length(gregexpr("Band \\d+", info)[[1]])
-  is_rgb <- n_bands >= 3
-
-  # Map pixel corners to footprint corners
-  # Pixel: TL=(0,0), TR=(ncol,0), BR=(ncol,nrow), BL=(0,nrow)
-  # Footprint coords: [1]=BL, [2]=BR, [3]=TR, [4]=TL
-  gcp_args <- c(
-    "-gcp", 0,       0,       coords[4, 1], coords[4, 2],
-    "-gcp", ncol_px, 0,       coords[3, 1], coords[3, 2],
-    "-gcp", ncol_px, nrow_px, coords[2, 1], coords[2, 2],
-    "-gcp", 0,       nrow_px, coords[1, 1], coords[1, 2]
-  )
-
-  # Step 1: translate with GCPs
-  tmp_file <- tempfile(fileext = ".tif")
-  on.exit(unlink(tmp_file), add = TRUE)
-
-  sf::gdal_utils("translate",
-    source = src,
-    destination = tmp_file,
-    options = c("-a_srs", "EPSG:3005", gcp_args)
-  )
-
-  # Step 2: warp to target CRS with nodata handling
-  # srcnodata: masks black source pixels (camera frame borders)
-  # RGB: alpha band (-dstalpha) for transparent fill in mosaics
-  # Grayscale: dstnodata=0 for nodata metadata
-  warp_opts <- c("-t_srs", "EPSG:3005", "-r", "bilinear")
-  if (!is.null(srcnodata)) {
-    src_val <- if (is_rgb) {
-      paste(rep(srcnodata, n_bands), collapse = " ")
-    } else {
-      srcnodata
-    }
-    warp_opts <- c(warp_opts, "-srcnodata", src_val)
-  }
-  if (is_rgb) {
-    warp_opts <- c(warp_opts, "-dstalpha")
-  } else {
-    warp_opts <- c(warp_opts, "-dstnodata", "0")
-  }
-
-  sf::gdal_utils("warp",
-    source = tmp_file,
-    destination = out_file,
-    options = warp_opts
-  )
-
-  file.exists(out_file) && file.size(out_file) > 0
-}
diff --git a/data-raw/test_georef_decades.R b/data-raw/test_georef_decades.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c15fcbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data-raw/test_georef_decades.R
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# test_georef_decades.R — Visual QA: one georef thumbnail per decade
+#
+# Produces georeferenced thumbnails in a single directory for QGIS inspection.
+# Requires stac_airphoto_bc centroid cache and downloaded thumbnails.
+#
+# Usage: source this script interactively, then load the output dir in QGIS.
+
+library(sf)
+library(dplyr)
+devtools::load_all()
+
+# --- Config ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+stac_dir <- "../stac_airphoto_bc"
+cache_path <- file.path(stac_dir, "data/centroids_raw.parquet")
+thumbs_dir <- file.path(stac_dir, "data/raw/thumbs")
+out_dir <- file.path(stac_dir, "data/raw/georef/qa_decades")
+
+stopifnot(
+  "Centroid cache not found — run stac_airphoto_bc/scripts/01_fetch.R first" =
+    file.exists(cache_path)
+)
+
+# --- Load centroids ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+centroids <- arrow::read_parquet(cache_path) |>
+  st_as_sf(coords = c("longitude", "latitude"), crs = 4326)
+
+centroids$decade <- floor(centroids$photo_year / 10) * 10
+
+# --- Pick one photo per decade near Houston ----------------------------------
+# Closest to AOI centre so footprints overlap for easy comparison
+
+aoi_centre <- st_sfc(st_point(c(-126.65, 54.4)), crs = 4326)
+centroids$dist <- as.numeric(st_distance(centroids, aoi_centre))
+
+samples <- centroids |>
+  group_by(decade) |>
+  slice_min(dist, n = 1, with_ties = FALSE) |>
+  ungroup() |>
+  arrange(decade)
+
+message(nrow(samples), " samples across decades: ",
+        paste(samples$decade, collapse = ", "))
+
+# --- Find raw thumbnails on disk ---------------------------------------------
+
+samples$thumb_path <- vapply(seq_len(nrow(samples)), function(i) {
+  year_dir <- file.path(thumbs_dir, samples$photo_year[i])
+  if (!dir.exists(year_dir)) return(NA_character_)
+  pattern <- paste0("^", samples$film_roll[i], "_",
+                    sprintf("%03d", samples$frame_number[i]))
+  files <- list.files(year_dir, pattern = pattern, full.names = TRUE)
+  if (length(files) == 0) return(NA_character_)
+  files[1]
+}, character(1))
+
+found <- !is.na(samples$thumb_path)
+if (any(!found)) {
+  message("Missing thumbnails for: ",
+          paste(samples$film_roll[!found], samples$frame_number[!found],
+                sep = "_", collapse = ", "))
+}
+samples <- samples[found, ]
+
+# --- Georef with default rotation=180 ----------------------------------------
+
+dir.create(out_dir, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)
+
+fetch_result <- dplyr::tibble(
+  airp_id = samples$airp_id,
+  url     = NA_character_,
+  dest    = samples$thumb_path,
+  success = TRUE
+)
+
+result <- fly_georef(fetch_result, samples, dest_dir = out_dir, overwrite = TRUE)
+
+message("\n", sum(result$success), "/", nrow(result), " georeferenced")
+message("Output: ", normalizePath(out_dir))
+message("Open in QGIS: open ", normalizePath(out_dir))
+
+# --- Summary table -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+summary_tbl <- samples |>
+  st_drop_geometry() |>
+  select(decade, photo_year, film_roll, frame_number, scale) |>
+  mutate(
+    georef_ok = result$success,
+    output = basename(result$dest)
+  )
+
+print(as.data.frame(summary_tbl))
diff --git a/man/fly_bearing.Rd b/man/fly_bearing.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5183e1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fly_bearing.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/fly_bearing.R
+\name{fly_bearing}
+\alias{fly_bearing}
+\title{Compute flight line bearing from consecutive airphoto centroids}
+\usage{
+fly_bearing(photos_sf)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{photos_sf}{An sf object with \code{film_roll} and \code{frame_number}
+columns. Projected to BC Albers (EPSG:3005) internally for metric
+bearing computation.}
+}
+\value{
+The input sf object with an added \code{bearing} column (degrees
+clockwise from north, 0–360). Photos with no computable bearing
+(single-frame rolls) get \code{NA}.
+}
+\description{
+Estimates the flight direction for each photo by computing the azimuth
+between consecutive centroids on the same film roll, sorted by frame
+number. Useful for diagnosing image rotation issues in \code{\link[=fly_georef]{fly_georef()}}.
+}
+\details{
+Within each roll, frames are sorted by \code{frame_number}. The bearing
+for each frame is the azimuth to the next frame on the same roll.
+The last frame on each roll gets the bearing from the previous frame.
+
+Aerial survey flights follow back-and-forth patterns, so bearings
+alternate between ~opposite directions (e.g., 90° and 270°) on
+consecutive legs. Large frame number gaps may indicate a new flight
+line within the same roll.
+}
+\examples{
+centroids <- sf::st_read(system.file("testdata/photo_centroids.gpkg", package = "fly"))
+with_bearing <- fly_bearing(centroids)
+with_bearing[, c("film_roll", "frame_number", "bearing")]
+
+}
diff --git a/man/fly_georef.Rd b/man/fly_georef.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..255fbf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fly_georef.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/fly_georef.R
+\name{fly_georef}
+\alias{fly_georef}
+\title{Georeference airphoto images to footprint polygons}
+\usage{
+fly_georef(
+  fetch_result,
+  photos_sf,
+  dest_dir = "georef",
+  overwrite = FALSE,
+  srcnodata = "0",
+  rotation = "auto"
+)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{fetch_result}{A tibble returned by \code{\link[=fly_fetch]{fly_fetch()}}, with columns
+\code{airp_id}, \code{dest}, and \code{success}.}
+
+\item{photos_sf}{The same sf object passed to \code{fly_fetch()}, with a
+\code{scale} column for footprint estimation. If a \code{rotation} column is
+present, per-photo rotation values are used (see \strong{Rotation} below).}
+
+\item{dest_dir}{Directory for output GeoTIFFs. Created if it does not
+exist.}
+
+\item{overwrite}{If \code{FALSE} (default), skip files that already exist.}
+
+\item{srcnodata}{Source nodata value passed to GDAL warp. Black pixels
+matching this value are treated as transparent (alpha=0 for RGB,
+nodata for grayscale). Default \code{"0"} masks camera frame borders and
+film holder edges at the cost of losing real black pixels — acceptable
+for thumbnails but may need adjustment for full-resolution scans.
+Set to \code{NULL} to disable source nodata detection entirely.}
+
+\item{rotation}{Image rotation in degrees clockwise. One of \code{"auto"},
+\code{0}, \code{90}, \code{180}, or \code{270}. \code{"auto"} (default) computes flight line
+bearing from consecutive centroids and derives rotation per-photo —
+requires \code{film_roll} and \code{frame_number} columns. Fixed values apply
+the same rotation to all photos. Overridden per-photo if \code{photos_sf}
+contains a \code{rotation} column.}
+}
+\value{
+A tibble with columns \code{airp_id}, \code{source}, \code{dest}, and \code{success}.
+}
+\description{
+Warps images to their estimated ground footprint using GCPs (ground control
+points) derived from \code{\link[=fly_footprint]{fly_footprint()}}. Produces georeferenced GeoTIFFs in
+BC Albers (EPSG:3005). Works with thumbnails and full-resolution scans.
+}
+\details{
+Each image's four corners are mapped to the corresponding footprint
+polygon corners computed by \code{\link[=fly_footprint]{fly_footprint()}} in BC Albers. GDAL
+translates the image with GCPs then warps to the target CRS using
+bilinear resampling.
+
+\strong{Rotation:} Aerial photos may appear rotated in their footprints
+because the camera orientation relative to north varies by flight
+direction, camera mounting, and scanner orientation. The \code{rotation}
+parameter rotates the GCP corner mapping:
+\itemize{
+\item \code{0} — top of image maps to north edge of footprint (original behavior)
+\item \code{90} — top of image maps to east edge (90° clockwise)
+\item \code{180} — top of image maps to south edge (default, correct for most BC photos)
+\item \code{270} — top of image maps to west edge
+}
+
+When \code{rotation = "auto"}, the bearing-to-rotation formula is:
+\code{floor((bearing + 91) / 90) * 90 \%\% 360}. This was calibrated on
+BC aerial photos spanning 1968–2019 across multiple camera systems
+and scanners. Photos on diagonal flight lines (~45° off cardinal)
+may be imperfect — check visually and override with a \code{rotation}
+column if needed.
+
+Within a film roll, consecutive flight legs alternate direction
+(back-and-forth pattern), so different frames on the same roll may
+need different rotations. This is why \code{"auto"} computes per-photo,
+not per-roll. To override, add a \code{rotation} column to \code{photos_sf}:
+
+\if{html}{\out{<div class="sourceCode">}}\preformatted{photos$rotation <- dplyr::case_when(
+  photos$film_roll == "bc5282" ~ 270,
+  .default = NA  # fall through to auto
+)
+}\if{html}{\out{</div>}}
+
+\strong{Nodata handling:} Two sources of unwanted black pixels are masked:
+\enumerate{
+\item \strong{Warp fill} — GDAL creates black pixels outside the rotated source
+frame. RGB images get an alpha band (\code{-dstalpha}); grayscale use
+\code{dstnodata=0}.
+\item \strong{Camera frame borders} — film holder edges, fiducial marks, and
+scanning artifacts produce black (value 0) pixels within the source
+image. The \code{srcnodata} parameter (default \code{"0"}) tells GDAL to treat
+these as transparent before warping.
+}
+
+\strong{Tradeoff:} \code{srcnodata = "0"} also masks real black pixels (deep
+shadows). At thumbnail resolution (~1250x1250) this is acceptable —
+shadow detail is minimal. For full-resolution scans where shadow
+detail matters, set \code{srcnodata = NULL} and handle frame masking
+downstream (e.g., circle detection).
+
+\strong{Accuracy:} footprints assume flat terrain and nadir camera angle.
+The georeferenced images are approximate — useful for visual context,
+not survey-grade positioning. See \code{\link[=fly_footprint]{fly_footprint()}} for details on
+limitations.
+}
+\examples{
+centroids <- sf::st_read(system.file("testdata/photo_centroids.gpkg", package = "fly"))
+
+# Fetch and georeference with auto rotation (uses bearing from centroids)
+fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1:2, ], type = "thumbnail",
+                     dest_dir = tempdir())
+georef <- fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1:2, ],
+                     dest_dir = tempdir())
+georef
+
+}
diff --git a/man/fly_thumb_georef.Rd b/man/fly_thumb_georef.Rd
deleted file mode 100644
index 095f73e..0000000
--- a/man/fly_thumb_georef.Rd
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
-% Please edit documentation in R/fly_thumb_georef.R
-\name{fly_thumb_georef}
-\alias{fly_thumb_georef}
-\title{Georeference downloaded thumbnails to footprint polygons}
-\usage{
-fly_thumb_georef(
-  fetch_result,
-  photos_sf,
-  dest_dir = "georef",
-  overwrite = FALSE,
-  srcnodata = "0"
-)
-}
-\arguments{
-\item{fetch_result}{A tibble returned by \code{\link[=fly_fetch]{fly_fetch()}}, with columns
-\code{airp_id}, \code{dest}, and \code{success}.}
-
-\item{photos_sf}{The same sf object passed to \code{fly_fetch()}, with a
-\code{scale} column for footprint estimation.}
-
-\item{dest_dir}{Directory for output GeoTIFFs. Created if it does not
-exist.}
-
-\item{overwrite}{If \code{FALSE} (default), skip files that already exist.}
-
-\item{srcnodata}{Source nodata value passed to GDAL warp. Black pixels
-matching this value are treated as transparent (alpha=0 for RGB,
-nodata for grayscale). Default \code{"0"} masks camera frame borders and
-film holder edges at the cost of losing real black pixels — acceptable
-for thumbnails but may need adjustment for full-resolution scans.
-Set to \code{NULL} to disable source nodata detection entirely.}
-}
-\value{
-A tibble with columns \code{airp_id}, \code{source}, \code{dest}, and \code{success}.
-}
-\description{
-Warps thumbnail images to their estimated ground footprint using GCPs
-(ground control points) derived from \code{\link[=fly_footprint]{fly_footprint()}}. Produces
-georeferenced GeoTIFFs in BC Albers (EPSG:3005).
-}
-\details{
-Each thumbnail's four corners are mapped to the corresponding footprint
-polygon corners computed by \code{\link[=fly_footprint]{fly_footprint()}} in BC Albers. GDAL
-translates the image with GCPs then warps to the target CRS using
-bilinear resampling.
-
-\strong{Nodata handling:} Two sources of unwanted black pixels are masked:
-\enumerate{
-\item \strong{Warp fill} — GDAL creates black pixels outside the rotated source
-frame. RGB thumbnails get an alpha band (\code{-dstalpha}); grayscale use
-\code{dstnodata=0}.
-\item \strong{Camera frame borders} — film holder edges, fiducial marks, and
-scanning artifacts produce black (value 0) pixels within the source
-image. The \code{srcnodata} parameter (default \code{"0"}) tells GDAL to treat
-these as transparent before warping.
-}
-
-\strong{Tradeoff:} \code{srcnodata = "0"} also masks real black pixels (deep
-shadows). At thumbnail resolution (~1250x1250) this is acceptable —
-shadow detail is minimal. For full-resolution scans where shadow
-detail matters, set \code{srcnodata = NULL} and handle frame masking
-downstream (e.g., circle detection).
-
-\strong{Accuracy:} footprints assume flat terrain and nadir camera angle.
-The georeferenced thumbnails are approximate — useful for visual context,
-not survey-grade positioning. See \code{\link[=fly_footprint]{fly_footprint()}} for details on
-limitations.
-}
-\examples{
-centroids <- sf::st_read(system.file("testdata/photo_centroids.gpkg", package = "fly"))
-
-# Fetch and georeference first 2 thumbnails
-fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1:2, ], type = "thumbnail",
-                     dest_dir = tempdir())
-georef <- fly_thumb_georef(fetched, centroids[1:2, ],
-                           dest_dir = tempdir())
-georef
-
-}
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-fly_bearing.R b/tests/testthat/test-fly_bearing.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db01a6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-fly_bearing.R
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+test_that("fly_bearing adds bearing column", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  result <- fly_bearing(centroids)
+  expect_true("bearing" %in% names(result))
+  expect_equal(nrow(result), nrow(centroids))
+})
+
+test_that("fly_bearing computes valid azimuths", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  result <- fly_bearing(centroids)
+
+  # All non-NA bearings should be 0-360
+  bearings <- result$bearing[!is.na(result$bearing)]
+  expect_true(all(bearings >= 0 & bearings < 360))
+})
+
+test_that("fly_bearing handles single-frame rolls", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+
+  # bc5300 and bc5301 have only 1 frame each in test data
+  single <- centroids[centroids$film_roll == "bc5300", ]
+  expect_equal(nrow(single), 1)
+
+  result <- fly_bearing(single)
+  expect_true(is.na(result$bearing[1]))
+})
+
+test_that("fly_bearing is consistent within flight legs", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  result <- fly_bearing(centroids)
+
+  # bc5282 has 10 frames — consecutive frames on same leg should
+
+  # have similar bearings (within 30 degrees)
+  roll <- result[result$film_roll == "bc5282", ]
+  roll <- roll[order(roll$frame_number), ]
+  bearings <- roll$bearing
+
+  # Check that at least some consecutive pairs are similar
+  diffs <- abs(diff(bearings))
+  # Normalize to 0-180
+  diffs <- pmin(diffs, 360 - diffs)
+  # Back-and-forth legs produce ~180 differences, same-leg pairs < 30
+  expect_true(any(diffs < 30))
+})
+
+test_that("fly_bearing rejects missing columns", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  centroids$film_roll <- NULL
+  expect_error(fly_bearing(centroids), "film_roll")
+})
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-fly_georef.R b/tests/testthat/test-fly_georef.R
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74d4bb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-fly_georef.R
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+test_that("fly_georef returns expected columns", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_test_fetch")
+  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
+                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
+  dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_test_out")
+  unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  result <- fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
+                       dest_dir = dest_georef)
+  expect_s3_class(result, "tbl_df")
+  expect_true(all(c("airp_id", "source", "dest", "success") %in% names(result)))
+})
+
+test_that("fly_georef produces georeferenced TIFFs", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_test_tiff_fetch")
+  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
+                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
+  dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_test_tiff_out")
+  unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  result <- fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
+                       dest_dir = dest_georef)
+  expect_true(result$success[1])
+  expect_true(file.exists(result$dest[1]))
+
+  # Verify it has a CRS
+  info <- sf::gdal_utils("info", source = result$dest[1], quiet = TRUE)
+  expect_true(grepl("3005", info))
+})
+
+test_that("fly_georef skips failed fetches", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  fake_fetch <- dplyr::tibble(
+    airp_id = centroids$airp_id[1],
+    url = "https://example.com/fake.jpg",
+    dest = "/nonexistent/fake.jpg",
+    success = FALSE
+  )
+  result <- fly_georef(fake_fetch, centroids[1, ],
+                       dest_dir = tempdir())
+  expect_false(result$success[1])
+})
+
+test_that("fly_georef skips existing when overwrite is FALSE", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_overwrite_fetch")
+  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
+                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
+  dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_overwrite_out")
+  unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  # First run
+  fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ], dest_dir = dest_georef)
+  f <- list.files(dest_georef, full.names = TRUE)[1]
+  mtime1 <- file.mtime(f)
+  Sys.sleep(1)
+
+  # Second run without overwrite
+  fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
+             dest_dir = dest_georef, overwrite = FALSE)
+  mtime2 <- file.mtime(f)
+  expect_equal(mtime1, mtime2)
+})
+
+test_that("fly_georef rejects bad input", {
+  expect_error(fly_georef(data.frame(x = 1), data.frame(y = 1)),
+               "fly_fetch")
+})
+
+test_that("fly_georef extent matches footprint", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_extent_fetch")
+  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
+                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
+  dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_extent_out")
+  unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  result <- fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
+                       dest_dir = dest_georef)
+
+  # Compare georef extent to footprint extent
+  fp <- fly_footprint(centroids[1, ]) |> sf::st_transform(3005)
+  fp_bbox <- sf::st_bbox(fp)
+
+  info <- sf::gdal_utils("info", source = result$dest[1], quiet = TRUE)
+  ul <- regmatches(info, regexpr("Upper Left\\s+\\([^)]+\\)", info))
+  lr <- regmatches(info, regexpr("Lower Right\\s+\\([^)]+\\)", info))
+  expect_length(ul, 1)
+  expect_length(lr, 1)
+})
+
+test_that("fly_georef accepts rotation parameter", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_rot_fetch")
+  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
+                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
+
+  # Each rotation value should produce a valid georef
+  for (rot in c(0, 90, 180, 270)) {
+    dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), paste0("fly_georef_rot_", rot))
+    unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
+    result <- fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
+                         dest_dir = dest_georef, rotation = rot)
+    expect_true(result$success[1], info = paste("rotation =", rot))
+  }
+})
+
+test_that("fly_georef rejects invalid rotation", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  fake_fetch <- dplyr::tibble(
+    airp_id = centroids$airp_id[1],
+    dest = tempfile(), success = TRUE
+  )
+  expect_error(fly_georef(fake_fetch, centroids[1, ], rotation = 45),
+               "one of")
+})
+
+test_that("fly_georef auto rotation uses bearing", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_auto_fetch")
+  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
+                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
+  dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_auto_out")
+  unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  # Default is "auto" — should work with film_roll + frame_number
+  result <- fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
+                       dest_dir = dest_georef)
+  expect_true(result$success[1])
+})
+
+test_that("fly_georef reads rotation from column", {
+  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
+  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_rotcol_fetch")
+  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
+                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
+  dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_rotcol_out")
+  unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
+
+  # Add rotation column
+  centroids$rotation <- 90
+  result <- fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
+                       dest_dir = dest_georef)
+  expect_true(result$success[1])
+})
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-fly_thumb_georef.R b/tests/testthat/test-fly_thumb_georef.R
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f59c60..0000000
--- a/tests/testthat/test-fly_thumb_georef.R
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-test_that("fly_thumb_georef returns expected columns", {
-  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
-  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_test_fetch")
-  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
-
-  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
-                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
-  dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_test_out")
-  unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
-
-  result <- fly_thumb_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
-                             dest_dir = dest_georef)
-  expect_s3_class(result, "tbl_df")
-  expect_true(all(c("airp_id", "source", "dest", "success") %in% names(result)))
-})
-
-test_that("fly_thumb_georef produces georeferenced TIFFs", {
-  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
-  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_test_tiff_fetch")
-  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
-
-  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
-                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
-  dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_test_tiff_out")
-  unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
-
-  result <- fly_thumb_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
-                             dest_dir = dest_georef)
-  expect_true(result$success[1])
-  expect_true(file.exists(result$dest[1]))
-
-  # Verify it has a CRS
-  info <- sf::gdal_utils("info", source = result$dest[1], quiet = TRUE)
-  expect_true(grepl("3005", info))
-})
-
-test_that("fly_thumb_georef skips failed fetches", {
-  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
-  fake_fetch <- dplyr::tibble(
-    airp_id = centroids$airp_id[1],
-    url = "https://example.com/fake.jpg",
-    dest = "/nonexistent/fake.jpg",
-    success = FALSE
-  )
-  result <- fly_thumb_georef(fake_fetch, centroids[1, ],
-                             dest_dir = tempdir())
-  expect_false(result$success[1])
-})
-
-test_that("fly_thumb_georef skips existing when overwrite is FALSE", {
-  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
-  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_overwrite_fetch")
-  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
-
-  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
-                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
-  dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_overwrite_out")
-  unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
-
-  # First run
-  fly_thumb_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ], dest_dir = dest_georef)
-  f <- list.files(dest_georef, full.names = TRUE)[1]
-  mtime1 <- file.mtime(f)
-  Sys.sleep(1)
-
-  # Second run without overwrite
-  fly_thumb_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
-                   dest_dir = dest_georef, overwrite = FALSE)
-  mtime2 <- file.mtime(f)
-  expect_equal(mtime1, mtime2)
-})
-
-test_that("fly_thumb_georef rejects bad input", {
-  expect_error(fly_thumb_georef(data.frame(x = 1), data.frame(y = 1)),
-               "fly_fetch")
-})
-
-test_that("fly_thumb_georef extent matches footprint", {
-  centroids <- sf::st_read(testdata_path("photo_centroids.gpkg"), quiet = TRUE)
-  dest_fetch <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_extent_fetch")
-  unlink(dest_fetch, recursive = TRUE)
-
-  fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1, ], type = "thumbnail",
-                       dest_dir = dest_fetch)
-  dest_georef <- file.path(tempdir(), "fly_georef_extent_out")
-  unlink(dest_georef, recursive = TRUE)
-
-  result <- fly_thumb_georef(fetched, centroids[1, ],
-                             dest_dir = dest_georef)
-
-  # Compare georef extent to footprint extent
-  fp <- fly_footprint(centroids[1, ]) |> sf::st_transform(3005)
-  fp_bbox <- sf::st_bbox(fp)
-
-  info <- sf::gdal_utils("info", source = result$dest[1], quiet = TRUE)
-  # Extract corner coordinates from gdalinfo
-  ul <- regmatches(info, regexpr("Upper Left\\s+\\([^)]+\\)", info))
-  lr <- regmatches(info, regexpr("Lower Right\\s+\\([^)]+\\)", info))
-  expect_length(ul, 1)
-  expect_length(lr, 1)
-})
diff --git a/vignettes/airphoto-selection.Rmd b/vignettes/airphoto-selection.Rmd
index 0e61fae..d036b2f 100644
--- a/vignettes/airphoto-selection.Rmd
+++ b/vignettes/airphoto-selection.Rmd
@@ -247,13 +247,13 @@ legend("topright", legend = scale_labels,
 
 `fly_fetch()` downloads thumbnail images (or flight logs, calibration
 reports) from the BC Data Catalogue URLs included in the centroid data.
-`fly_thumb_georef()` warps each thumbnail to its estimated footprint
+`fly_georef()` warps each thumbnail to its estimated footprint
 polygon, producing georeferenced GeoTIFFs in BC Albers.
 
 ```{r fetch-georef}
 fetched <- fly_fetch(centroids[1:3, ], type = "thumbnail",
                      dest_dir = tempdir())
-georef <- fly_thumb_georef(fetched, centroids[1:3, ],
+georef <- fly_georef(fetched, centroids[1:3, ],
                            dest_dir = tempdir())
 georef[, c("airp_id", "dest", "success")]
 ```